GEO 121 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 7 Earth s Physical Environments Lecture 1 January 26 Syllabus Review Lecture 2 January 28 Syllabus Review Lecture 3 January 30 Maps Planimetric vs Topographic o Planimetric is very common like a road map o Topographic shows elevation via contour lines Generally maps o Show location o Can be either digital or paper o Have top down perspective Maps need o Scales to express distance 1 24 000 is a common valueless ratio o Legends to differentiate data o North arrow there can be 3 N Arrows o Lines of latitude and longitude o A title o A date Lines of latitude and longitude o Measured in degrees minutes seconds o Lines of latitude are called parallels o Lines of longitude are called meridians o The Prime Meridian is at 0 degrees o The International Date Line is at 180 degrees E W Planimetric Maps o Most common type of map o Also called thematic maps o Example on pg 28 Lecture 4 February 2 Topographic Maps Special Parallels and Meridians o 90 North Arctic Circle o 90 South Artic Circle o 180 E W International Date Line o 23 N Tropic of Cancer o 23 S Tropic of Capricorn Contour Lines o Type of iso line o Connects points of equal elevation o The closer the lines the more steep the elevation Iso Lines o Connect points of equal value o Can be isochronic equal time Important Symbols o M usually with an x denotes benchmarks o Perpendicular symbol denotes spot elevation usually used by engineers and construction workers o denotes monuments o The U S Geological Survey seeks to be 90 accurate 90 of the time Lecture 5 February 4 Projection of Lines on a Globe Can Be o A Cone o A Plane o A Cylinder Robinson Projection Arthur H Robinson o 1963 o Miami University Graduate Created to show the entire globe on a flat surface Pros o Appealing to look at o Met publisher Rand McNally s needs o Showed the entire globe Cons o Neither equal area nor conformal o o Distortion near the Poles Straight parallels imply sever angular distortion Survey Systems Public Land Survey System o Surveys based on townships and ranges Created based on a principle meridian and base line Metes and Bounds o Uses landmarks to indicate survey perimeters o Used in the Virginia Military District OH Long Lot o Used in France initially o Used in the French Grant Very small part of South Ohio Civil Town o Used in New England o Also called the New England Town o 5x5 mile sections o Best used on flat land o Used in the Connecticut Western Reserve and Fire Lands OH Lecture 6 February 6 Review of Maps Maps need o Scales to express distance 1 24 000 is a common valueless ratio o Legends to differentiate data o North arrow there can be 3 N Arrows o Lines of latitude and longitude o A title o A date Lines of latitude and longitude o Measured in degrees minutes seconds o Lines of latitude are called parallels o Lines of longitude are called meridians o The Prime Meridian is at 0 degrees o The International Date Line is at 180 degrees E W Topographic Maps Special Parallels and Meridians o 90 North Arctic Circle o 90 South Artic Circle o 180 E W International Date Line o 23 N Tropic of Cancer o 23 S Tropic of Capricorn Contour Lines o Type of iso line o Connects points of equal elevation o The closer the lines the more steep the elevation Lecture 7 February 9 Review of Scales Types of Scales o Ratio ex 1 24 000 o Fraction ex 1 24 000 o Bar Scale o Verbal Scale ex one inch equals twenty four thousand inches Common Scales o 1 24 000 Most common scales Valueless unless specified otherwise o 1 63 360 Equals exactly one mile o 1 63 200 Equals approximately one mile Aerial Photographs Can be o Black and White o Color o Infrared o Color infrared The current favorite amongst geographers Shows reflected radiation Are affected by o Size Actual Relative o Texture o Shape o Pattern