GEO 121 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 22 - 32Lecture 22 (March 30)- pg. 204-205 climatology map- 20 E meridian in Africa1. Climate classificationa. f is humid 2. 8" per monthb. w is winter dry seasonc. s is Steppe Climated. o Tropical rainforest (20% Af)2. Vegetation classificationa. savannah, forests, grasslandsi. Af, Aw, BShb. Trees i. Emerging ii. Canopy iii. Under story iv. Broadleaf v. Evergreen b. Vines c. Understoryi. Anything that falls to the forest floor gets broken downii. Quick cycling of nutrients due to warm, moist environment2. Tropical Savannah a. Grasses b. Shortc. Trees i. Widely spacedb. Wildlife i. Herbivores ii. Carnivores 2. Grasslands a. Little rain, but rain nonetheless2. Desert a. No rainb. Short grass2. Mediterranean a. Cool moist wintersb. Dry summersc. Caused by the Hadley CellLecture 23 (April 1) 1. A- Humid Tropicala. Savannahb. Rainforesti. Broadleaf evergreen forestc. Monsoon2. B- Arida. Desertb. Steppe3. C- Humid Mesothermala. Mediterranean 4. D-Humid Microthermala. Subarctic 5. E- Polara. Tundrab. Ice sheets6. H- Highlandsa. Little to no vegetation due to this air and limited nutrientsLecture 24 (April 3)Soil Orders1. Gelisols2. Histosols3. Spodosols4. Andisols5. Oxisols6. Vertisols7. Aridisols8. Ultisols9. Mollisols10. Alfisols11. Inceptisols12. Entisols13. We will only use the soils in bold aboveLecture 25 (April 6)Pg. 203 climate map 1. Guide to climate lettersa. A: Humid tropicali. Af-tropical Rainforestii. Am-tropical monsooniii. Aw-tropical savannah b. B: Aridi. BShtB5k. steppeii. BWh &BWk- Desert c. C:Humid Mesothermali. Csb- Mediterraneanii. Cfa- Humid subtropicaliii. Cfb/Cfc- Marine west coast d. D: Humid Micro thermali. Dfa & Dwa-Humid1. continental Hot Summerii. Dfb & Dwb- Humid1. continental mild summerii. Dwb, Dwc, Dwd-Subarctic e. E: polari. ET- Tundraii. EF- Ice sheet f. H: highlandsLecture 26 (April 8)1. A- Humid Tropicala. Af (Philippines)b. Am (Bangladesh)c. Aw (Northern Australia)2. B- Arida. BSh (Saudi Arabia)b. BSk (South-Central Canada)c. BWh (Iran)d. BWk (Mongolia) 3. C- Humid Mesothermala. Csa (Coastal California)b. Csb (Southwest Africa)c. Cfa (Northern Argentina)d. Cfb (New Zealand)e. Cfc (Southern Chile) (Marine Cfb and Cfc)4. D- Humid Microthermal a. Dfa (mid-west U.S)b. Dwa (North Korea)c. Dfb (New England)d. Dwb (Eastern Europe)e. Dfc (Canada)f. Dfd (Northern Eurasia)g. Dwc, Dwd5. E- Polara. ET (Greenland)b. EF (Antarctica)6. H- HighlandsLecture 27 (April 10)1. A - Moist Tropical Climates are known for their high temperatures year round and for their largeamount of year round rain. 2. B - Dry Climates are characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. Two subgroups, S - semiarid or steppe, and W - arid or desert, are used with the B climates.3. C - In Humid Middle Latitude Climates land/water differences play a large part. These climates have warm,dry summers and cool, wet winters.4. D - Continental Climates can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.5. E - Cold Climates describe this climate type perfectly. These climates are part of areas where permanent ice and tundra are always present. Only about four months of the year have above freezing temperatures.a. Further subgroups are designated by a second, lower case letter which distinguish specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.b. f - Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates. c. m - Rainforest climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates.d. s - There is a dry season in the summer of the respective hemisphere (high-sun season).e. w - There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere (low-sun season).i. To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to the code.ii. a - Hot summers where the warmest month is over 22°C (72°F). These can be found in C and D climates. iii. b - Warm summer with the warmest month below 22°C (72°F). These can also be found in C and D climates.iv. c - Cool, short summers with less than four months over 10°C (50°F) in the C andD climates.v. d - Very cold winters with the coldest month below -38°C (-36°F) in the D climateonly.vi. h - Dry-hot with a mean annual temperature over 18°C (64°F) in B climates only.vii. k - Dry-cold with a mean annual temperature under 18°C (64°F) in B climates only.Lecture 28 (April 13)1. Three basic climate groups.a. Three major climate groups show the dominance of special combinations of air-mass source regions.i. Low-latitude Climates: These climates are controlled by equatorial a tropical air masses.1. Tropical Moist Climates2. Wet-Dry Climates3. Dry Tropical Climate ii. Mid-latitude Climates: Climates in this zone are affected by two different air-masses. The tropical air-masses are moving towards the poles and the polar air-masses are moving towards the equator. These two air masses are in constantconflict. Either air mass may dominate the area, but neither has exclusive control.1. Dry Middle Latitude Steppe2. Mediterranean Chaparral 3. Dry Middle Latitude Grasslands4. Moist Continental Deciduous iii. High-latitude climates: Polar and arctic air masses dominate these regions. Canada and Siberia are two air-mass sources which fall into this group. A southern hemisphere counterpart to these continental centers does not exist. Air masses of arctic origin meet polar continental air masses along the 60th and 70th parallels.1. Boreal Forest Taiga 2. Tundraiv. Also Highlands, but they don’t fall under any category1. Highland climates are cool to cold, found in mountains and high plateaus. Climates change rapidly on mountains, becoming colder the higher the altitude gets. The climate of a highland area is closely related to the climate of the surrounding biome. The highlands have the same seasons and wet and dry periods as the biome they are in.2. Mountain climates are very important to midlatitude biomes. They workas water storage areas. Snow is kept back until spring and summer whenit is released slowly as water through melting.3. Temperature Range: -18 °C to 10 °C (-2 °F to 50°F)4. Average Annual Precipitation: 23 cm (9 in.)5. Latitude Range: found all over the world6. Global Position: Rocky Mountain Range in North America, the Andean mountain range in South America, the Alps