Bio 207c 1st EditionExam # 1 Study GuideThe study of living things too small to be seen by the naked eye is microbiologyName 4 types of organisms that can be microscopic.BacteriaProtozoaHelminthsSome fungiAlso: algaeWhy are viruses not considered to be an organism?They are non-living and acellularIn what way are microbes easy to study?Easy to grow in the labAnd be grown in large quantitiesReproduce rapidlyIn what way are they difficult to study?Require a microscope to be seenCan’t be seen directlyApproximately when did the prokaryotes arise?3.5 billion years agoApproximately when did the eukaryotes arise?1.8 billion years ago (humans are a form of these)What is the major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus and eukaryotes do. What does the word ubiquitous mean?everywhereDefine the term evolution.The accumulation of changes occurring in organisms over time as they adapt to their environmentGive an example of evolution what one can see that concerns microorganisms.The development of antibiotic resistan bacteria – before medicine bacteria had no reason to be resistant. Microbes shape our planet in many ways. Explain how they do so for the following ways:Photosynthesis – produces oxygen and changed the atmosphere of the planet and lead to the use of oxygen in aerobic respirationGas production – produces gases that regulate the temperature of the earthAssisting plants – influence soil formation, obtaining nutrients and protect them from diseaseThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.State 3 ways in which humans have used microbes over the years.Bread productionAlcohol productionCheese productionTreatment of woundsClean up of human created contaminationWhat is genetic engineering? Do you think this is a bad or good thing? Why?Genetic engineering is the manipulation of genetics of organisms creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)What is recombinant DNA technology? State 1 way this could be used for the good of humans.Transfer of genetic material from one organism to another to alter the DNA and produce a specific productWhat is bioremediation?The use of microbes to clean up toxic pollutantsWhat does it mean to say that a microorganism is pathogenic?That it can cause diseaseWhat is the most common cause of death in the world?Infectious diseaseName 2 newly emerging diseases.AIDSHepatitis CEbolaWhat is an older disease that we see reemerging?TuberculosisName 3 diseases or human conditions that are now linked to microorganisms.Gastric ulcersDiabetesSchizophrenia Who is credited with developing the first microscope?Anton von LeeuewenhoekWhat is the premise of spontaneous generation? Of biogenesis?The idea that life could arise from non-lifeBiogenesis – the idea that life must arise from life (proven by Pasteur)State 2 contributions of Louis Pasteur.Famous swan neck flask experimentInvented pasteurizationDeveloped Germ TheoryEstablished the concept of immunityState Koch’s postulates.Observe microbe in all cases of the diseaseMicrobe must be isolated and grown in pure culturePure culture must cause same disease in the test subjectsMicrobe must be recovered from disease subjectState 2 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Prokaryotic – no nucleus, no organellesEukaryotic – nucleus, organelles present What are the 4 main types of macromolecules?CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acidsWhat do carbohydrates do? Name a common carbohydrate.They are sugars involved in metabolic reactionsGlucoseSucroseLactoseWhat do lipids do?Major component of the cell membranes, also used for storageWhat do proteins do?Serve as structural components and perform metabolic reactionsWhich molecule is a high energy compound that provides the energy for cellular work?ATP (Adenosine Triphospate) What does it mean when we say that we use binomial nomenclature to name organisms?It means that we use two names to name an organismFor the organisms below, write them in correct binomial nomenclature.staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureusstreptococcus pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniaWhen handwriting – you should capitalize the first letter of the first word and underline the whole name (instead of italics) What is classification? What approach is now used?Classification – the organization of the organisms into groupsThe DOMAIN approach if now used. Name the 3 domains.Eukarya – plants and animalsProkara – bacteriaArcheae – extreme bacteria Chapter 3Name the basic shapes of bacteria.Baccilus – rod shapedCoccus – sphere shapedVibrio – comma shapedSpiral – corkscrew shapeDescribe what the following arrangements mean:Diplo – means 2Strepto – means in chainsStaphylo – clusters (coccus only)What is the flagella used for?motilityDraw rod shaped bacteria with the following flagellar arrangements:Monotrichous – see diagram in book. Peritrichous – see diagram in book.Lophotrichous – see diagram in book.Amphitrichous – see diagram in book.Contrast runs and tumbles. What do bacteria move in response to?Runs are linear movement – straight aheadTumbles are rotating, reversing, changing directions, the cell stops and changes courseBacteria move in response to chemical signalsWhat are fimbriae used for?Fimbriae are short hair like structures used for attachment. What are pili used for?Pili are used for transfer of genetic materials during conjugationState the functions of the glycocalyx.The glycocalyx protects of dehydration and phagocytosis also used for adhesion and it helps continue life in a population. State the function of the capsule.Determines the pathogenicity of a this bacteria What does the cell envelope consist of?Cell wallOuter membranePlasma membrane (in gram negative ONLY) What is the main component of the bacterial cell wall? What are the functions?PeptidoglycanIt gives strength and shape to the cellContrast the gram positive cell wall to the gram negative cell wall.Gram positive has a thick layer of peptidoglycan, contains proteins, which can act as toxins, target of some antibiotics, stains deep purple. Gram negative has a thin layer of peptidoglycan, has an outer membrane which acts as an endotoxin and acts as a barrier to antibiotics making this infection harder to treat, stains pinkName 2 functions of the outer membrane.An outer membrane acts as an endotoxin and