Bio 150 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 10FBIs1. Evolution2. Information Flow and Storage3. Structure and Function4. Systems5. Transformation of Energy and MatterEvolution by Natural Selection- List the three requirements that must be met for natural selection to occur, and explain why each of the requirements is necessary.o Variation → different traits within a population o Heritability → variations passed onto offspringo Differential Reproduction/fitness → unequal reproductive success in a population- Propose a hypothesis for how natural selection could cause a trait to evolve within a population. o The trait that causes an increase in fitness within an organism will pass downit down to its offspring because they are more likely to survive with that specific trait.- Explain how mutations influence evolution by natural selection.o Mutations affect natural selection because it can give more variation between traits allowing the traits to be passed down to the offspring. It will cause natural selection if the organisms with the traits have a higher fitness allowing them to pass on the trait.- Describe the evidence needed to support the hypothesis that a population has evolved due to natural selection. o Variationo Heritableo Differential Reproduction/FitnessPopulation Ecology - Distinguish between exponential and logistic population growth & describe conditions that can cause each pattern.o Exponential population growth → the growth rate, r, does not depend on the number of individuals in the population. → density independent → the curve is in the shape of a J It is common when a few individuals found a new population in a new habitat and when a population has been devastated by a storm or some other type of catastrophe and then begins to recover. It is not possible for exponential growth to continue indefinitely.o Logistic Population Growth → density dependent → graph is S shaped Carrying capacity: maximum number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time.- Distinguish between density-independent and density-dependent factors and their influence on population size. o Density-Independent Factors → alter birth rates and death rates → usually abiotic weather patterns,catastrophic events (hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, drought)o Density-Dependent Factors → change in intensity as a function of population size → usually biotic resources (food), area to liveInterspecific Competition- Predict the outcome of competition between two species based on how much their niches overlap and asymmetry of competition. o fundamental niche → total theoretical range of environmental conditions thata species can tolerateo realized niche → the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies, given limiting factors such as competition with other species.o The species will find there realized niche. The species that is a stronger competitor will typically have a the broader niche compared to the weaker competitor.- Contrast the processes of competitive exclusion and niche differentiation in terms of their Time-scale and the types of effects they have on populations. o competitive exclusion principle → two species that occupy the same niche cannot coexist. Figure 55.3 in booko niche differentiation → evolutionary change in resource use caused by competition of generations. Figure 55. 6 Species Interactions- Describe how different types of species interactions influence the abundance, distribution and evolution of one or both species.o commensalism → occurs when one species benefits but the other species is unaffected (+/0)o competition → occurs when individuals use the same resources -- resulting inlower fitness for both (-/-)o Consumption → occurs when one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another. The interaction increases the consumer's fitness but decreases the victim’s fitness (+/-) herbivory, predation, parasitismo Mutualism → occurs when two species interact in a way that confers fitness benefits to both (+/+)- Design an experiment to test the outcome of an interaction between species. o Figure 55.5Energy Flow in Ecosystems- Explain how the inefficiency of energy use in food webs relates to the pyramid of productivity.o Most energy is used for body maintenance and is unavailable for higher consumers. There are less consumers at higher levels because there is less energy for them to receive.- List the ways that energy is lost between trophic levels.o- Predict how changes in one trophic level will influence species at other trophic levels. Nutrient Cycling- Draw a model of how nutrients cycle between the abiotic (inorganic) and biotic (organic) parts of an ecosystem.- Explain how human activities impact local nutrient cycling and the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles and what effect this has on ecosystems. Climate Changes- Describe the evidence for climate change and the role humans play in causing it.- Describe the possible responses that populations can exhibit when they are negatively impacted by climate change (increasing temperature/changing precipitation