KIN 386 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Students these are lectures 1 4 I did not include lectures 5 and 6 because those slides were not included in her slides that we needed to study She noted that we should still go over them but not to focus on them as much I have highlighted the information that she said is important and my personal extra notes from in class are in red Good Luck Lecture 1 Introduction to Motor Development Characteristics of Motor Development Involves change in movement behavior Is sequential age related continuous Depends on underlying processes motor development and motor control can be interchangeable sometimes motor development is very sequential aging adult and young children Development is NOT age dependent development is dependent on the individual changing all the time and is progressive it is sequential don t skip through it can move through it fast or slow Related Areas of Study Motor Learning relatively permanent gain in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience Motor Control the neural physical and behavioral aspects of movement Related Terms Physical growth quantitative increase in size or body mass Physical maturation qualitative advance in biological makeup cell organ or system advancement in biochemical composition Aging process occurring with passage of time leading to loss of adaptability or full function and eventually to death Aging studies are when you follow them over weeks months years decades etc Don t need to know author names Defining Motor Development Identify similarities and differences between motor development and the following phenomena o Motor learning o Motor control o Physical growth and maturation Constraints Limit or discourage certain movements Permit or encourage other movements shape movements shaping the way we move Newells s Model of Constraints Circle of arrows each constraint can interact with each other Individual some are structural how body is made up ex tall men could play basketball because they are tall positive constraint and functional is more mental motivation Examples o Toddler taking the first step individual functional o Injury to lower limb individual functional changes their motivation and affects their interaction with the environment o Transition from walking to running task constraints o Hard sand to soft sand environmental constraints Individual constraints o Inside the body internal o Structural constraints related to the body s structure Height Muscle mass o Functional constraints related to behavioral function Attention motivation Environmental Constraints o Outside of body properties of the world around us o Global not task specific o Physical gravity surfaces o Sociocultural gender roles cultural norms Task constraints o External to the body goal of task rules guiding task performance equipment from o related specifically to tasks or skills from child s perspective basketball could either be tall or short country is not popular with basketball don t understand the rules of the game volleyball don t have arms don t have strong arms no sand for inside volleyball can t serve baseball not having good hand eye coordination structural constraints weight height muscle mass strength functional constraints parental motivation to fill the time attention will affect motivation IQ cognitive understanding of the situation task constraints rules and understanding people around them crowds if equipment is too big modify them to make them constraints environmental constraints noise Naming Individual Environmental and Task Constraints Typical Research Study Designs o Longitudinal an individual or group is observed over time Study can require lengthy observations looking at same cohort of people looking at them over years and decades o Cross sectional individuals or groups of different ages are observed Changed is inferred but not observed o Sequential or mixed longitudinal sequential and mixed longitudinal minilongitudinal studies with overlapping ages same cohorts but have combined them to look at different things A Model of Sequential Research Design o each row is a short longitudinal design o each column is a very small crosssectional study o diagonal comparing groups from different cohorts Observing Motor Development constraints change between these two clips o coordination motivation from child is ball functional motivation for adult is to complete sprint functional Extra constraint example practice Dance turning negative constraints into positives individual structural being weak making yourself stronger working hard to get more flexible functional structural doing it because parents want them to dancing becomes something they love so they start to do it for fun task constraints performing in front of large crowds learning to get over stage fright by performing more getting better at techniques to be more confident in your dancing environmental constraints where you live depends on what kind of dance is dominant in that culture may not be able to find a hip hop class somewhere Lecture 2 Theoretical Perspectives Theories of Motor Development Maturational perspective started in 60s when people were interested based around genetic the environment has little to do with our development Information processing perspective in the 80s how the brain act as computers how we use that to interact with the environment w h a t Ecological perspective constraint that we face negative or positive Maturational Perspective Motor development driven by maturation of systems neural system important Minimal influence of environment Characteristics of motor development o Quantitative o Discontinuous o internal process things you deal with allow you to progress o driven by biological clock History of the Maturational Perspective 1930s Gesell McGraw Gesell how biology and evolution come together in orderly fashion in sequence As individuals we will pass through these at different rates Example twins went through phases at different rates but still turned out same McGraw no big difference in the person who was being trained and the person who wasn t Suggested invariable genetically determined sequence of development individuals can have unique timing Research co twin control strategy Matuationsists Interest in Process o Mc Graw 1935 associated motor behavior changes with developemtn of nervous system o Posited that advancement in central nervous system trigger appearances of a new skill Long Lasting Beliefs From