Psych 212 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I Research Methodology Cont a Surveys Questionnaires b Cross sectional vs longitudinal II Chapter 3 Forming a New Life a Conceiving New Life i Fertilization ii Gene Expression iii Traits influenced by heredity and environment Outline of Current Lecture II Family Studies a Adoption studies b Heritability c Environmental Influence d 2 Types of Multiple Births Twins e Twin Studies f Genetic x Environment Correlations III Non Shared Environment IV Traits Influenced by Heredity AND Environment Current Lecture Family Studies o Adoption studies Looks at the similarity between unrelated individuals in same home o Heredity for a trait heritability Adopted children are more like their bio parents bio siblings on a trait Ex ADHD o Environmental Influence Child resembles adopted parents and siblings on trait Ex Language spoken religion and some diet preferences o 2 types of Multiple births Monozygotic MZ One egg One sperm Identical Twins or Clones Share 100 of genes These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Same sex twins boy boy or girl girl Dizygotic DZ Two eggs Two sperm Boy and girl twins always DZ can be boy boy girl girl or girl boy More common Fraternal Twins Share 50 of genes just like full siblings o Twin Studies A way of looking at the strength of heredity MZ twins separated at birth All differences are due to environment MZ twins are highly concordant on most traits E g temperament o Genetic x Environment Correlations Demonstrate that genes and environment often reinforce each other Plomin 3 Types in chronological order 1 Passive Correlations We share genes with our bio parents with whom we also tend to share a physical environment Parents create environment where there are lots of instruments books in the house Passive b c coming from the perspective of the baby Mostly seen early in life o Ex Guitar Playing book reading Kids get a lot of practice with instruments reading But also pass on genes that are related to musicality reading 2 Reactive Evocative Correlations Different aspects of genetic predispositions can create a reactive environmental situation good or bad Mostly see in mid childhood approx 3 10 yrs o Evocative GxE Correlations Negative Feedback become less of what you genetically were Ex Shy child Genetic encouraged to come out of their shell Environment Child outgoing Positive Feedback Get more of what you started with genetically speaking tends to be more common if the trait is seen as desirable by society parents Ex Athletic child Genetic encouraged to be athletic Environment Child more athletic 3 Active Correlations As we get older we seek out our own environments Genes get drawn towards people environments that are similar to them niche picking idea Most predominant in adolescence Leads to o Niche picking Readers will be more attracted to literary types Wild active kids will join others like them Non shared Environment NE o Reflect unique environment in which each child grows up o Accidents o Illnesses o Unique interactions with friends or peers o Accounts for differences among MZ twins Traits influences by heredity AND environment o Obesity o Intelligence and school achievement o Personality o Schizophrenia o Autism