CLAS 1061April 3, 2013Class 10 NotesVespasian through Hadrian, AD 69 – 138 The Julio-Claudian Dynasty recall, if you remove julius caesar and augustus (1st emperor of rome), noboby really lived up to the xpecatitons augustus had laid down for them. Tiberius was not at all capable of ruling the empire, he was the only option though.  Tiberius: not capable caligula: (Tiberius' successor) damnatio memoriae (1st in roman history, 1st damnation of any emperor, statuesdefaced, name erased from structures, etc) claudius: (caligula's successor) underrespected emperor of rome, one of the most underrated indivdiuals in history; he supposedly had epilepsy, limped, maybe polio; was seen by others as a dunce; good at what he did; his two divorces did him in in the end Nero: most heinous emperor to ever rule rome; receives damnatio memoriae after he commits suicide in AD 68 The Year of the Four Emperors, AD 68 – 69 4 indivdiuals were in control of the legions of rome senate is trying to take over rule of rome and theyre searching for an individual to uphold the principate Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasianus At one point all 4 of these individuals take the title of emperor otho was the 1st to get the title by his men, eventually hunted down by Galba who's men name him emperor (not recognized in rome though), Vitellius chases Galba back to rome and had him killed in rome itself; vitellius takes the throne (he is a glutton, overzealous in food, women, prostitutes, and wine); Vespasian had the largest/strongest amount of legions, he kills Vitellius and becomes emperor. vitellius immediate initiates a new dynasty of rome The Flavians: Vespasian, Titus, & Domitian(be sure to review book 329-345 on the economic, social, mlitary, and provincial changes caused by the julio-claudian dynasty) Julio-Claudians augustus: 27 BC – AD 14 tiberius 14 – 37 caligula 37 – 41 claudius 41 – 54 nero 54 – 68 the Flavians Galba 68 – 69 otho 69 vitellius 69 vespasian 69 – 79 titus domitian Vespasian (AD 69 – 79) Jewish revolt (66 – 73) Titus Josephus destruction of the temple of jerusalem by the 2 headed monster: vespasian & titus judaea's fate jewish persecutions rewriting and removing nero's rome (had to ensure a “new Nero” wasn't rising) renewed taxation elimination/extermination of philosophers, not a fan of literature legionaries on the borders (reorganized them along the borders) germania (focused legions here) latin, the official language of the roman empire (1st emperor to finally do that so it was to be the only language fully recognized in a legislative setting) roman status/citizenship to municipal magistrates (if you were holding a political office in a city way off in Greece, you don't get citizenship but if you served in the government he decided to extend citizenship to those people) remembered as a good emperor something smart he did: *Institutiontalizing the Principate (passes a set of laws: lex de imeprio Vespasiani, circa AD 69-70) divies out responsibilites to the senate and municipal governments he understood he couldn't govern the entire area himself the senate was given a standard to follow in which they govern the provinces, for the 1st time they have strict mandates to follow for taxation and check and balances were kept between government officials in the provinces, no corruption coinage: commemoration by showing “judaea conquered” but not by violent means military activity: reapproriate the legionaries systems of rome, in particular focuses on the germanic north (crucial move) by far, the shakiest boundary of the roman empire until it collapses reestablishes castra by the end of his life, he was quite well known for stabilizing a system that easily could have fallen apart 1st emperor to have a temple built to him after his death since julius caesar the jewish revolts (AD 66 – 73) vespasian is quite well known for this because he was stationed there with Titus when all hell broke loose in the year of the 4 emperors city suffers greatly as a result tryign to send a message on what happens if you refuse rome they sack and loot the city so there are mnay conspiracy theories about things that the romans could have stolen (arch of the covenant among them) Titus (AD 79 – 81) reestablishing dynasty, takes over in 79 after vespasian dies vespasian's son by 79 served as praetorian prefect, 7 time consul, prefect, tribune power, and maius imperium voted princeps by SPQR, senate and people of rome fully embraced him close relationship to father responsible for judaea relief for pompeii in AD 79 The Great fire of AD 80, not quite as bad as 64 but it damaged a pretty good section of downtown rome again; augustus' travertine wall saved the forum dies prematurely and suddenly in 81 still unmarried; this was not a good thing; dominition was his younger brother but had no experience, not prepared to take over the throne...problem arises in 81 well commemorated by his brother after his death though, the Arch of Titus scenes of *apotheosis: titus depicted as a god inside the archway, carried by an eagle Domitian (AD 81 – 96) younger son and brother of Titus not prepared for principate, no military experience, very pompous hated by senate “perpetual censor” focused on army and people devotion to army and people lunacy executes 4 Vestal Virgins (young girls who took care of temple of vespa, they did nothing wrong) paranoia – hall of mirrors constant conspiracies against him dominus et deus (saw himself as a living god and thought others should bow down to him as a living god) executions (including family) tacitus and pliny (“new men”) write about him extensively tacitus rose via senatorial order pliny rose via military both disliked by domitian but get by luckily building project in rome military conquest (kept trying to instigate war with Parthia, hugely unsuccessful but carried out triumphs anyway...) went down the same path as caligula and nero, considered a lunatic assassinated in 96 3rd emperor to receive damnatio memoriae what he does still leaves a lasting impression on rome temple of peace forum of domitian the palatine (where he spent most of his money) selfishness: builds his