CLAS 1061 Class 9 Notes**MOST multiple choice questions featured on the final will be from this lectureThe Julio-Claudians, the Early Principate: AD 14 – 68- All of these people came from one blood line (a bit inaccurate but it is 2 families that cross at this point), why it’s called “Julio-Claudians”What’s in a name? Via Labicana Augustus- Titles Octavian takes (in succession)o Imperator: avoidedo Maius imperium: senate decreeso Princeps: preferredo Tribunicia potestast: taken in 23o Consul: denied in 23o Pontifex maximus: taken – 12 BCEo Pater patriae: senate in 2 BCEo AUGUSTUS: 27 BCEo Deity: never takes the title of a god until his death- Settlementso The 1st settlement: “The Republic Restored” – experimentalo The 2nd settlement: 23 BCE – formalizing his authority while maintaining rapport with the senate,people, military, and provinces…The augustan building program- Reformats the city architecturally- Suetonius tells us “I found rome built of sun dried bricks; I leave her in marble”Augustus was not invincible…- Getmany will forever a big problem for rome from this point onVarus and the Teutoburg Forest: AD 9- Germany was an area they didn’t cross into because the Germanic tribes of the north were “barbaric” because they had guerilla warfare tactics, very disorganized to the romans, their terrain was difficult for the roman military to fight on- One of the worst disasters the roman empire sees is under augustus- Attempted to cross a marshy area and were ambushed by the germans (who painted themselves up and camouflaged themselves in the forest)- Killed almost all individualsAugustan Rome and the establishment of Dynasty- Primus inter Pareso Rexo Dictator- Renewed imperial virtueso No longer “republican virtues” because this is an empire nowo Recall, marriage laws- Relationship with the Elite- Relationship with the militaryo Continued respect and acknowledgement of generals- Eliminating worries of a return to the republic and civil war- Choosing an heir… (difficulties)- How does one manage an empire? [especially once he’s gone]- Some imagery was trying to convey the success of augustuso Tiberius was at the helm of the military- Augustus advises that rome be kept within its boundaries…o By tehe nd of his life, he advised that rome not get any bigger than it is nowo He realized that with the manpower they had, if they expanded greater, they’d stretch themselves too thino Don’t get greedy, etc. etc.o But nobody listens…On augustus’ death bed- Frequently inqureid whether rumors of his illness were causing any popular disturbance- “have I played my part in the face of life creditably enough?”- When he does pass…was augustus successful at…- …involving all sectiosn of society and gaining their support?o Most historical documents say soo Were there any pitfalls? We don’t exactly know- …eradicating the memory of a failed republic?- …reviving monarchy in a way that was nor eminiscinet of the regal period?o Remember how taboo it was to be a king or to take the tlte of king- …appeasing the upper class?o He does stabilize thigns for not letting the elite to compete with one another for powero Were they actually happy?- *…envorcing moral and social forms such as marriage,childbearing, and adulteryo He had problems with morale in his familyo His daughters Octavia and Julia were accused of many acts ofprimsicutity- …commanding the army and administering the empire?- …developing a “professional” army?- …pass of the empire and emperorship as modesnt and necessary- …restoring the roots of the republic- *…establishing a dynasty- …saving and reshaping the roman world- If he was successful…why?- Augustus was a role model for all emperors of rome to come, every single upcoming emperor tried to emulate him and his 40 years; he is able to rewrite the political system of rome and reign in that this was an era ofo *Peace, prosperity and piety through military conquest and successTiberius (AD 14 – 37)- Preappointed heir to the throne- Reluctance as Princepso He wanted to be called Imperator (Emperor)- Spends his 20s – 50s campaigning [with the military]o Thus unfamiliar to the people Favored nephew, Germanicus as a possible successor to the throne (people had some concern with this, he was very military minded though)o Hated by the senate- Pater Patriae (never got this tlte, father of the father land)- Tiberus disaster relief?o Put a lot of money in disaster relief- Starts some of the worst prosecutions in the roman empireo Trying to eliminate the influx of Egyptianso Priests of Isis crucified and 4,000 Jews deported from Rome- Took control of the Praetorian Guardo Created under augustuso Is the police brigade of romeo Tried to make it more manageable- Focus on administrative and military matterso Not so much on the people or the senate- Did not heed the warning of augustuso Attempted to avenge the massacre of AD 9 in Germania- Builds a huge Praetorian Guard Barracks (AD 19 – 23) in the cityo Only faction in the city of rome on his sideo Increased power and control of the Praetorian throughout the empire- Across the empire, he was pretty much hated and not liked for many reasons- Games, gladiators, and entertainment: expels all actors from the italian peninsula in 23 ADo Odd considering one of his few architectural projects was putting a new stage on the theater of PompeyAfter 12 years, off to Capreae- Tiberus can’t handle the stress of being an emperor so by 26 AD he decides he’s done with it- He’s not going to give up the titel but he is going to leave rome permanently- He basically made Capreae his private island- Capri: Villa Joviso Livia (his mother) dies in AD 29, and Tiberus doesn’t even return for the public funeralo Eventually dies at the age of 77 in AD 37 on the island of Caprio By this point, the senate is ruling rome and left a bad taste in the roman empire at largeGaius: (Caligula) AD 37 – 41- Grandnephew of Tiberius- Direct descendant of augustus through mother and Livia through father- Caliga – “little boots”- Suffered from epilepsy- Initially loved and favored by the senate, people, and military- Foreign diplomacy and military prestigeCaligula’s projects- Builds a new circus for rome but doesn’t rule long enough for it to finish- Built a lot of aqueducts on the Italian peninsula- Expands on augustus’ imperial palace (he and Tiberius both did)Illness and brain