CLAS 1061 Notes Week 8The Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Antony, & Lepidus- The romans don’t learn from their mistakes. After the 1st triumvirate fails, they try the same idea again. 3 people from very different areas of society to rule this thing. Why does that fail? The populare carries the most weight. Caesar’s end- Caesar’s arrogance and disregard for republican tradition- Increases senate to 900 individuals, doubles to # of quaestors and praetors (all Caesar supports or pardoned by him)- But he answered to no one – used senate as a mere formality- Antony as the priest of a temple dedicated for the worship of Caesar as a god- Antony attempts to crown Caesar at the lupercalia (early 44 BCE)- “perpetual dictator” – February 44 BCE- Marcus junius Brutus and Gaius cassius Longinus (followers of Pompey) organize 60 conspirators to carry out an assassinationMarch 15, 44 BCE- Caesar’s assassination- Ides of March- Outside the theater of pompey, he falls to the steps in front of pompey’s statue and bleeds to deathPursuing the conspirators- Mark Antonius: 83 – 30 BCEo Mark Antony was the right hand man of Caesaro Sets out to avenge the death of Caesaro Under the impression that Caesar’s estate is to become his o Blows off the will because Octavian is 18 with no military experience- Gaius Julius Caesar octavianus: 63 BCE – AD 14o 18 years old, nephew of Caesaro Off studying in Greece but he had to return to Romeo Caesar’s will dictated Octavian was sole heir to the estate and the throneo Arguably more intelligent than Caesar and took the will very seriously- The senate steps in to fix the bond between the twoThe second triumvirate (43 bce)- Supreme power to make law, not answering to the senate or the people…o Priority = to pursue and punish the assassins of Caesar1. Octavian – Africa, Sardinia, Sicily (south)2. Antony – cisalpine and transalpine Gaul (area that he helped Caesar conquer, modern-day France)3. Lepidus – narbonese Gaul and Spain (as far west as you can go, very little going on in this area at that point)- Cicero – encouraged the removal of the would-be dictator, Antony o Openly saw this as a problem and started giving speeches against the 2nd triumvirateo Recall, cicero and Caesar never got alongo Targeted Antony as the culprit: “doomed to fail”- The return of proscriptions: Cicero was at the top of Antony’s list… - Pull in Lepidus to form the 2nd triumvirate, no one cares about himGaius Julius Caesar octavianus1. Nephew of Julius Caesar, adoptie son and heir at 18: divi filius (son of a god) and comet2. Marches on Rome with 8 legions to ensure the senate no longer ignored the 19 yr. old3. Remains in Italy from 42 BCE: tota italia4. Battle of Actium (31 BCE): Cleopatra flees, commits suicide- First time a living individual was converted to a god that wasn’t mythologically based- Mints coinage sometimes with Caesar on it- People started liking Octavian quite a bit, had the mob on his sideBattle of Philippi (42 BCE)- A decisive end to the roman republic- Course of 2 years- Attempt to hunt down and kill conspirators- Conspirators took off to the east and couldn’t find asylum in the roman regions of the republicanempire at this point because Antony had put a hit out on these guys- If a city were to give asylum, they’d be put on a hit list- Fled to modern-day turkey but Parthia wanted nothing to do with this situation, they wanted no interest in conquering the romans but the romans never left them alone- Conspirators are wiped outRealigning the 2nd triumvirate (40 BCE)- Octavian takes Gaul and tensions mounto Meeting in brundisiumo Marriage of Antony to Octavia1. Octavian – the west2. Antony – the easta. Gets Egypt…Cleopatra!3. Lepidus – Africa (essentially insignificant)- Truce with sextus pompey – Octavian marries S.P.’s father-in-law’s sister (she bears Julia, his only child)o Pompey gets the greek east for 5 years but doesn’t do mucho They set him up as governor in the area but Antony has full control over him (illusion of power)- Octavian was watching from afar antony’s movement- Antony was doing a lot of things in spite of Octavian: shacking up with Cleopatra and attempts toraise Caesar’s offspring with her. From octavian’s standpoint, Antony is screwing around with Cleopatra while married to octavian’s sister…- What about ocatvia, his brother-in-law, and Caesar’s children?Antony’s will- “when Antony divorced Octavia, Octavian lashed out by reading out in public antony’s will, whichhad quite illegally come into his possession.this will promised not only large inheritances to his children by Cleopatra, but it also demanded that, should he die in Italy, his body sould be returned to Cleopatra in Egypt. Atony’s wil was the final straw. For in all rome’s eyes, this could never be the will of a true roman. The senate declared war.”- Whether it was a valid document or not, it’s how Octavian deals with Octavia, his brother-in-law, and Caesar’s children- Allegiance of Antony with Egypt- Not a civil war? It’s a war between Egypt and Rome- All that are loyal to Antony are not true romansOctavian vs. Antony- War occurs primarily in the east and in Egypt- Octavian seeks out Antony and tries to fight him in the east- Lepidus is killed prior to the conflict between the two in Africa- Several battles fought between the 2 but most was political slander- Antony never came back to Rome so he wasn’t visible to the romans, Octavian was. He was giving the romans money but Antony was off in the east, who’s this guy?- By 31 BCE, it comes to a decisive head- Battle of Actium 2 Septmeber 31 BCE, where the two will meet for the last time- Antony and Cleopatra had camped out here to figure out their next move, when Octavia finally catches up to him with his naval system, Antony outnumbers Octavia on foot- If Antony can make it a land-based war…- Instead, Octavian waited and starved them out. Blocked them in. Cleopatra attempts to make a run for itActium (31 BCE)- Antony: 230 warships, 50 transports, 20,000 legionaries, 2,000 archers- Octavian: 400 warships, 40,000 legionaries- Antony and Cleopatra flee to Alexandria- Critical date in roman history!- Known as the final year of the republic- Once Antony was completely driven out of Actium and lost his military system/base, the republicis over. Antony is on the run. Octavian has full control.Octavian attacks Alexandria (30 BCE)- Suicide of Antony- 9