Establishing a Republican Empire: and the coming of CarthageI. Creating Republican political offices1. magistrates take the place of kings (at this point, the government is very much dictated by the wealthy, the aristocratic class)2. power spread widely among rich and powerful1. explanation for removal of kings all over Italy?3. Annual offices4. offices held by more than 1 individual at a a time1. kept colleagues in check5. *military tribunes with supreme power early6. consular power fixed in 4th century BC1. dictators in times of emergency? Dictator will be the “end all be all” in times of crisisII. Laws of the 12 Tables, established between Plebs and aristocratic class, 451-450 BCE1. procedure: for courts and trial2. trials, continued3. debt4. rights of fathers (paterfamilias) over the family5. legal guardianship and inheritance laws6. acquisition and possession7. land rights8. torts and delicts (laws of injury)9. public law10. sacred law11. Supplement I12. Supplement IIIII. Political Trial and Error1. debt-bondage2. famine3. land ownership4. “struggle of the orders”1. patricians vs plebeians2. wealthy monopolizing5. mounting instability6. civil strifeIV. Patricians vs Plebeians in politics and religion1. temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, circa 6th century BCE1. maintained center of elite power, a place for spoils of war, elite military triumph, religious epicenter and home of the Sybilline Books, ties to monarchy...2. the Olympian gods of Greece – Jupiter, first permanent structure built in Rome3. Was Rome built for religious purposes?4. Who controls auspices (auspicium)? Separation of “church and state”?1. Happens as early as 5th century BCE in the republic2. they upper class was favored, even according to the gods3.V. The Gods of the Household (Etruscan order)1. Penates: gods of the grain store2. Lares: guardian spirits of the household, deity worshiped daily in your home as the protector of the household3. Ancestors: masks displayed in the Atrium and at funerals, pride taken into a long family lineage, often tried to link them to the deities themselves saying they were descendents of GodsVI. Lararium, where individuals would be worshiped, not everyone has them – in wealthy homes left behind, the poor worshiped the same Penates and Lares still but not on such a grandiose scaleVII. The Gods of the State1. Early Roman Triad: Jupiter, mars, quirinus, each tended by a flamen. Replaced during the Etruscan period by …2. Capitoline Triad: Jupiter, juno, minerva3. Assimilation of Roman gods from Greek deities:1. Jupiter = sky god = Zeus2. Juno = consort = Hera3. Minerva = crafts = AthenaIX. plebeian political presence1. “secession” of the Plebs2. aventine control,3. establishment of Plebeian religion (Temple of Ceres)4. Tribune of the Plebs (tribuni plebis) replacing Tribunes of the Soldiers (tribuni militum)X. Curia, Comitia, and Concilia1. The changing landscape of Senatorial control...2. the importance of committees and their easy manipulation3. who gets to vote? How does Roman citizenship factor? Couldn't get many votes because people couldn't come in from the countryside4. See pg 54-64, political offices and committeesXI. Marcus Furius Camillus (446-365 BCE): accredited for these feats, appointed dictator on 2 different occasions to both of these issues; we don't know how impactful he truly was though; unlikely he gave up his dictatorship til he died1. Capture of Veii in 396 BCE2. Gallic Sack of Rome in 387 BCE1. Servian Wall - 4th century BCE, only defensive wall built for at least 600 years3. The office of Consul and Plebeian benefit...XII. First Samnite War (343-341 BCE)1. Samnite Confederacy2. aggressive3. militarily prolific4. roman contact?XIII. Latin War (341-338 BCE)1. autonomy and alliance lost2. Samnite aid to the Romans3. loss of Latin city independenceXIV. Colonies and municipia1. What is gained and what are the new responsibilities associated with building and expanding aRepublican empire? Very vast and they didn't know how to do it early on2. What stripped from those conquered? What's maintained? (consider those defeated in the Latin Wars)XV. “seasonal warfare” - Roman expansion and cultural assimilation1. Grain Harvest in May / June2. those conquered were drafted into the Roman army to increase the orderXVI. “People should know when they are conquered”1. What did Rome want and hope to accomplish? Money? Roman cultural and political dominance?2. Military dominance and expansion through the establishment of new colonies and municipiaSamnite Wars continued– 2nd Samnite War (326-304 BCE)– Battle of The Caudian Forks 321 BCE– 3rd Samnite War (298-290 BCE)– Beattle of Sentinum 295 BCE– Samnites, Etruscans, umbrians, and gauls vs ROME (consuls Fabius Maximus and Publius Decius Mus)Aqueducts– Aqua Appia 312 BCE– Anio Vetus 272 BCEVia Appia: Capua to Campania, Appius Claudius CaecusRoman Engineering– driving force = military and conquestBeating up the Etruscans– consequences for those who opposed the Roman army vs those who submitted willingly to Roman ruleMost of the Italian peninsula (from Etruria – Magna Graecia) conquered from the 280s – 260s BCE.Macedon– Philip II, 382-336 BCE– Alexander III, “The Great” 356-323 BCEthe Hellenistic World– the Hellenistic kingdoms of the east and the MediterraneanPyrrhus, King of the Molossians 281-272 BCE– Hellenistic kingship– mercenary warfare– takes on Rome and CarthageNobles, Plebs, Novus Homo– political office– popularity– power– wealth– ancestor worship– military supremacy– control of the mob– bread and circuses– Marcus Junius Brutus 85-42 BCE– rise of the Roman elite...*Things to consider on the eve of Rome's instigated World War...– What elements and attributes allowed Rome to rise so quickly?– Was the removal of kings the right move in the 6th century?– [As they've expanded to the Italian peninsula] Can “Rome” maintain its borders?– How will Rome govern its provinces and municipalities?– Can the Roman military be stopped? Are there weaknesses?– What does it mean to be “Roman”? Citizenship isn't for all male citizens, if you live in a city that wasconquered 50 years ago, what does it mean to be Roman? Does it mean anything at all?– Is Rome truly a Republic? Why is this system doomed to fail?– What major flaw(s) has Rome made thus far?– Is Rome prepared for Empire?The Punic Wars– 1st Punic War 264-241 BCE–