These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Lecture!10!!tqurpbJaryplrl. S*x T)\4d\vAS S[,U^t'+re "& o{. tuW}lho^!- \rt\Sor4 I '.)+S+5u0!Fr)'tXo t+- p 'u.rG) it0\n ) I -.iqriiw\Darnr"ql;t "aaru\u #,rln*ry 'jlott stB,14 ryf u \ --3*,"1*tnt1a lc$ ?SslrPn! Uo : x ]3r;l\\rA|y\tt) P awt' mTfi-Y J0 Jlnq $i$ vu+vt-irtpJ 5rl trol4 -t)'}pl)riao'I*}f) N0) sI7atrr,r +)b r*a1;ft'#q r ?q,+.Jp rlY^4ft\g lul+ u1 ^n[al1u4 nppv \Upr]rap Y *it(I((tttttttTttItttttTtUIII:!!IIIUITIIITII41rol-3uStUryr;1" tlu:islJq}'huoquq nn*ulrur"Qrlfl&X1uun2It-csu,J s,^' slp+lw r,I[rr] rsifi$ $-.t;nr] p uu-&{l ?ra+ urrL'lf s+#lnri *r'li'o.t tt}Ulo'\ $u-!lau't/2 -, l' yufr t ,t bgtttq 0.lo tqr '4? p;ov! D4vi k's 0 w -/?4&l14 sszSs#er Y" *.t 4 €evtcY v*v vv' v' v | - Sly l?U lle _s-a ztwlv/t y y,ttvd yrups'>1!tl1-F Jc' sJnfau,oi,l$,rl\)rl!-rllt/o,ge)a alp€lP/d y*o s'slwsa{w+'iua+Lrud * c6' i$'td' I L'usWlP nt*1n74 +,NV fitr, '1ys1*tt, rn0.Llpt U+-ud= -t(PfaS ,,*aU dutur *t il'l Y^Wr4f,l TqIqT-vqirptVct' ,'rl J0 p ,r vr p J.$ r.X ,o r' fr jluni p-X, Sp rrr cd t\l 0 -vr -tq,v+$r^o11$plx.o ir $*urrr'vu' fl}a ^,rPt "5hL'fr?il!!!!!!!CHEM!1312H!1st!Edition!! !EFFECTIVE!NUCLEAR!CHARGE!• atomic!properties!depend!on!electron!configuration!and!on!how!strongly!the!outer!electrons!are!attracted!to!the!nucleus!o nucleus!–!electron!attractions!are!influenced!by!the!magnitude!of!nuclear!charge!and!the!average !dista nce !be tw een!the!two!o more!complicated!in!molecules!other!than!H!because!there!are!also!electron!–!electron!repulsions!(in!the !clou d)!in!a dd ition !to!the !nuc leu s!–!electron!attraction!§ each!electron!is!“screened”!from!the!nucleus!by!other!electrons!§ Zeff!=!Z!–!S!where!Z!is!the!actua l!n uc le ar !ch a rg e!a n d !S!is !th e !sc re e nin g !c on s ta n t;!value!of!S!is!usually!close!to!number!of!core!electrons!in!the!atom!• Take!Na:!Z!=!11+!and!since!its!electron!configuration!is!1s22s22p63s1,!it!has!10!core!electrons!and!1!valence!electron!floating!around!§ screening!is!done!by!the!core!electrons;!any!s cr ee n in g !b y !v ale n c e!e le ct ro n s !is!irrelevant !!• Trends!in!valenceAelectron!Zeff!values!o Zeff!!increas es !fro m!left!to!right !ac ro ss !a !p erio d :!n u mber!of!core !e lec tro n s !st ay s!t h e!s a m e !but!number!of!protons!increases!o Zeff!!going!down!a!column!changes!far!less!than!it!does!going!across!a!period;!it!will!increase !slightly!because!the!more!spread!out!core!electron!cloud!can’t!screen!the!valence!electrons!as!much!from!the!nuclear!charge!!23.1!THE!TRANSITION!METALS!Minerals:!metallic!elements!that!are!found!in!nature!as!solid!inorganic!compounds!• most!transition!metals!have!oxidation!states!ranging!from!1+!to!4+!(to!extract!a!transition!metal!from!a!min era l,!the!oxid atio n!sta te!m u st!be !red uce d!to !0)!!Properties!• increasing!Zeff!!favors!a!dec reas ing !radiu s!as!w e !m ov e!acro ss !a!pe riod !• keep!in!mind!that!metallic!bonding!strength!increases,!then!decreases!(halfway!through!the!period)!once!you!hit!antibonding!orbitals!• lanthan id e !c o n tr a c tio n :!th e!filling!of!4f!orbitals!through!the!lanthanide!elem en ts!tha t!1)!cau ses!an!increase!in!Zeff!!and!then!2)!produces!a!size!decrease!!Electron!Configurations!and!Oxidation!States!• when!transition!metals!are!oxidized,!they!lose!their!outer!s!electrons!before!the!lose!their!d*subshell*electrons!o Fe![Ar]3d64s2!!vs.!Fe2+![Ar]3d6!!vs.!Fe3+![Ar]3d5!o most!transition!metals!have!partially!filled!d!subshells,!which!accounts!for!these!properties:!§ transition!meta ls!often !ha ve!m o re!tha n!o ne !stab le!oxid ation !state!§ many!transitionAmetal!compounds!are!coloured!! !§ often!exhibit!magnetic!properties!!Magnetism!U!the!spin!an!electron!possess!gives!the!electron!a!magnetic*moment!aka!a!property!that!causes!it!to!behave!like!a!tiny!magnet!Diamagnetic!solid:!a!solid!in!which!all!the!electrons!are!paired!(spinAup!and!spinAdown!electrons!cancel!each!other!out);!nonAmagnetic,!actually!a!little!repellant!Paramagnetic!solid:!substance!in!which!atoms!or!ions!have!on e!or!mo re!unpaired!electrons!• electrons!in!one!atom/ion!don’t!influence!the!unpaired!electrons!from!neighboring!atoms/ions.!o as!a!result,!magnetic!moments!on!atoms/ions!!are!randomly!oriented!and!constantly!changing!direction!• when!placed!in!a!magnetic!field,!!spins!do!align;!produces!a!net!attractive!interaction!with!the!magnet!o aka!paramagnetic!substances!will!be!attracted!a!little!bit!to!a!magn etic!field!Ferromagnetism:!arises!when!unpaired!electrons!of!an!atom/ion!are!influenced!by!the!orientations!of!the!electrons!in!ne ighb orin g!ato m s/ion s!• most!stable!(low!energy)!arrangement!=!electron!spins!in!adjacent!atoms/ions!are!all!in!the!same!direction!• when!a!ferromagnetic!solid!is!placed!in!a!magnetic!field,!electrons!align!parallel!with!the!field;!results!in!attractive!force s!on e!m illion !tim es!stro ng er!tha n!p aramagnetism!Antiferrogmagnetism:!unpaired!electrons!on!a!given!atom/ion!align!so!that!their!spins!are!in!the!opposite!direction!with!neighboring!columns!of!atoms.!• spin!up!and!spin!down!cance l!each!other!out!Ferrimagnetism:!substance!exhibits!both!ferromagnetic!and!antiferrom agnetic!characteristics!• unpaired!electrons!align!so!that!the!spins!are!in!opposite!directions!• however,!the!net!magnetic!moments!of!the!spin!ups!are!not!fully!canceled!by!the!spin!downs;!leads!to!f er rim a g n et ic!materials!be in g !similar!to!ferromagnetic!materials!A!ferro!and !ferri!(Curie*temperature,*TC),!and!antiferro!(Néel*temperature,*TN)!all!become!paramagnetic!when!heated!above!a!critical!temperature;!thermal!energy!is!sufficient!to!overcome!what!determines!the!spin!directions !of!the !electro ns!!23.2!TRANSITION!METAL!COMPLEXES!Metal!complexes:!assemblies!of!a!central!transition!metal!ion!bonded!to!a!group!of!surrounded !molecules!or!ion;!for!ex,![Ag(NH3)2]+!or![Fe(H2O)6]3+!• called!a!complex!ion!if!it!carries!a !ne t!c h a rge !• compounds!that!contain!complexes!are!know n!as!coordination!compounds !• !Ligands:!the!molecules!or!ions!that!bond!to!the!metal!ion!in!a!complex!! !• in!above !e xa mple,!NH3s!and!H2Os!are!the!ligands!•