HIST 105 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Migration from Eurasia to North America 30 000 10 000 BCE was first thought to happen because of land bridge Other theories include traveling via the water and the coastline Kelp Highway 1800 Modernity Western Dominance Based upon Science Understanding and controlling nature Industrialization Engine of Modern Economy Revolution Recreating society from Scratch Inevitability and Teleology 1 7 Mongols Muslims and the Ming Big Question 1 Why did the nomadic threat to sedentary peoples recede in Central Asia Silk Road Chang an is a major trade place in China Many nomadic towns were set up along the road to raid the transportation of goods They would take enough supplies to survive but not too many that they would get hunted down The Middlemen controlled the majority of the trade that occurred on this road Nothing got by the golden horn Ottomans controlled the trade Countries would try to eliminate the middleman Countries tried to get around the Muslim Blockade Innovation and Exchange Windmill was invented in Europe Paper from China Spinning wheel Magnetic Compass Astrolabe Chingis Khan Genghis Timujen d 1227 Controlled largest land empire in history by people who were nomadic The Steppe terrible land to live on Not great soil Ground is mainly frozen during the winter Mongols had animals that could live in any kind of environment based on how they were trained for their terrain The Mongol Way of War Highly Mobile Cavalry siege tactics horn bow did not have siege technology raided sedentary towns terror as weapon when they took Baghdad in the 1200 s they killed over 200 000 people in 24 hrs took the muslim ruler and rolled him up supposedly in a Persian rug and used their horses to trample him to death Scared to spill sacred blood on ground not interested in assimilation Pax Mongolica Kublai Khan 1st Yuan Emporor of China d 1294 mongols didn t like the way he ended up acting more chinese than mongolian wife converted to Christianity innovations foreigners at court use of chinese Han advisors china as a main focus for governance adoption of chinese imperial rule direct contact between east and west strong trade support via silk road rapid reliable communications Yam first pony express system in the world used to relay info if there was a war occurring Marco Polo 1260 s mongols orchestrated on what polo saw because they were afraid of foreigners Shangdu Xanadu Kublai Khan s home tried to restructure the army system o wanted the army to be loyal to him walls made supposedly of gold The Black Death 1348 spread by the mongols success of the Silk Road bubonic plague killed about 1 3 of the people in Eurasia Hongwu Emperor 1368 Ming Dynasty 1368 1644 o last Mongolian control of china 1 9 The Ottomans Big Question 2 How did the Ottomans build a land empire that lasted 450 years Seljuk Empire 1037 1194 Mongols began to adopt the ways of the Turkish people language Persian ways and religious beliefs Ottoman Empire 1299 1923 Controlled the wealthy portion of the mediterannean sea Had the strongest navy in the world Safavid Empire 1501 1722 Mughal Empire 1526 1857 Key in the spice trading All spice trade occurred in the indian ocean Settle and Adopt All lived the same nomadic style that the mongols lived in Key points o Military Loyalty Fief and Expansion Moved regularly Don t establish local power o Build a new power base The Jannisary First to be organized like the romans Abducted from the ottoman empire and raised as muslims Jannisary Army Create an army with no family ties Techinally slaves they could marry have children paid and had a retirement Christian Slaves Civil and military paths o Set up revenue system Divided all of tax gathering apparatus into regions into the beg Beg is the local chieftain Wanted to pull the strings without being noticed and without starting a local uprising Beg s are controlled by the Divan Imperial Council Nobody paid much attention to what was happening Divan s are controlled by the Vizier Prime Minister Vizier have the most power in the revenue system Used to regulate so no one person has all of the power Used land surveys to make sure not one person was being ripped off or stolen from when taxes were taken o Patronize the arts Suleiman the magnificent 1494 1566 Very wealthy o Support Religion Sharia Islamic Law Arabic for the Qu Ran Persian used for poetry diplomacy Caliph is both religious secular leader o Attack Infidels More or less politically driven but a convenient way of dealing with the thiefs Siege of Vienna 1529 Came close to taking down Vienna Used same gun powder ottoman to attack Constantinople and Vienna Became a real threat Many of the attacks were political o Protect all Minorities Dhimmi Status Jews and Christians are considered protected subjects o Cannot be in charge of muslims against the law Millet Recognized autonomous religious community Very adversarial Illegal under Islamic Law The Devshirme Picture of the ottomans going into the towns where the Christians lived and took the young men to establish them as the Janissaries Called the blood tax o Remember the less powerful Street sweepers Guild on Parade Part of a festival Other guillds would follow the street sweepers o Who are the guild s Look it up o Watch Your Neighbors Sunni and Shiites Ottoman and Safavid Safavid took control of the Persaian area in Eurasia o Now known as Iran Arguments took place over religious beliefs Muslim o Over who was legitimate as a leader Arguments also took place over political issues o Geographical borders on who gets to control the Persian gulf o Watch for Internal Decay Military softened in the ottoman empire After siege of Vienna the ottomans began to slow down Bureaucracy Stiffened Used to be a fairly open society Used to let local chiefs run things Then there was an empirical layer that was added on Decadence The sizes of the palaces Things started to decay morally Fundamentalism People who pointed out who wasn t living the way of the Qu Ran ways 1 11 The Politicization of the Indian Ocean Big Questions 1 Why did China mount then abandon its fifteenth century maritime exploration 2 Why did Spain and Portugal pioneer western expansion then lose influence huge expanse of land which led to the creation of land empires On the same latitude Similar climates huge prarie lands nomadic people staying in one place huge gun powder bases closest of Turkish empire to the chinese control of Constantinople Istanbul Golden