247PEARSONED.CUSTHELP.COM (FOR TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES)COURSE ID -> ferguson35787 ; SCHOOL ZIP -> 77843-ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONAFTER THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR WAS WON; AMERICA WAS GOVERNED BY IT FROM 1781-1789ARTICLES WERE WRITTEN BY CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (SHORTLY AFTER THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE)NOT RATIFIED BY ALL STATES UNTIL 1781ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION FEATURED:DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMNATIONAL GOVT WITH LIMITED POWERSAUTHORITY GRANTED BY STATES NOT DIRECTLY BY CITIZENSSTATES ELECTS NATIONAL OFFICES, STATES CAN OVERRIDE NATIONAL DECISIONSUNDER THE ARTICLES, THE NATIONAL GOVT HAD LIMITED POWER TO:WAGE WARMAKE PEACE, NEGOTIATE TREATIESCOIN MONEYAPPOINT OFFICERS FOR ARMYCREATE A NATIONAL POST OFFICEREQUEST FUNDING MONEY FROM STATESUNDER ARTICLES:CONGRESS WAS THE NATIONAL DECISION-MAKING BODYEACH STATE RECEIVED ONE VOTE REGARDLESS OF POPULATIONSUPER-MAJORITY (2/3) REQUIRED FOR MOST ACTION; UNANIMOUS CONSENT TO TAX CITIZENS OR CHANGE ARTICLESNO FEDERAL COURT SYSTEMEXECUTIVE WAS MERELY A CONGRESSIONAL ADMINISTRATOR (ELECTED BY CONGRESS, NO REAL POWER)WHAT ARE SOME PROBLEMS WITH THIS FORM OF GOVT (ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION)?2 BIG ISSUES -> THE ECONOMY & FOREIGN RELATIONSLACK OF POWER BY FEDERAL GOVT, STATES HAVE MORE POWERNO POWERFUL EXECUTIVE TO ENFORCE DECISIONSUSED ARMY THAT ALREADY EXISTED, COULDN’T DRAFT NEW MEMBERSNO FEDERAL COURT SYSTEM TO RESOLVE ISSUESFUNDING FROM STATES FOR THE NATIONAL GOVT WAS VOLUNTARY, SO STATES DIDN’T GIVE ENOUGHDIFFICULTY OF APPOINTING EFFECTIVE ADMINISTRATIVE/EXECUTIVE AGENCIESIT WAS DIFFICULT TO PASS ANYTHING, ALSO NO POWERFUL EXECUTIVETHIS IS A PROBLEM WHEN YOURE RUNNING A WAR!NO NATIONAL GOVT SUPREMACYCONGRESS COULDN’T DRAFT TROOPS, RELIED ON STATESSUPERMAJORITY REQUIREMENTS FOR BILL PASSAGE CRIPPLED LEGISLATIONESPECIALLY FOR TAXATIONIN 1781, RHODE ISLAND, WITH LESS THAN 2% OF AMERICAN POPULATION; VETOED A BILL THAT ALL OTHER STATES SUPPORTED TO GIVE CONGRESS POWER TO TAXDEPRESSION OCCURRED IN THE MID 1780S:LARGE NATIONAL DEBT; MONEY OWED TO ARMY; CURRENCY WEAK & INFLATEDPEOPLE START IMPORTING FOOD; FOOD PRICES FALLBIG PROBLEM FOR FARMERS (LARGE % OF POPULATION)STATES DISCRIMINATE AGAINST EACH OTHER WITH TOLLS, IMPORT TAXESBUT CONGRESS HAS NO AUTHORITY TO REGULAR TRADE B/T STATES OR OTHER NATIONSFOREIGN RELATIONS ISSUESCONGRESS COULDN’T EFFECTIVELY NEGOTIATE TREATIES FROM OTHER NATIONSOR KICK ENGLISH OUT OF AREA NORTH OF OHIO RIVER VALLEY (AS THEY WERE SUPPOSE TO DO BY TERMS OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION VICTORY)WHAT FINALLY GETS STATES TO TRY TO CHANGE ARTICLES?COMBINATION OF BAD ECONOMY & SHAYS REBELLIONSHAYS REBELLIONFORMER ARMY CAPTAIN DANIEL SHAY LEADS FARMERS UPSET ABOUT FORECLOSURES OF FARMS & ARRESTS FOR DEBT OWED TO BANKSHIS FORCES AT TIMES NUMBERED A COUPLE THOUSAND ARMED MENMASSACHUSETTS APPEALS TO NATIONAL GOVT FOR HELP, BUT GOVT POWERLESS & NO STATES HELPSHAYS REBELLION PUT DOWN WITH PRIVATE MONEYSO FINALLY STATES SEND DELEGATES TO A CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION IN 1787 IN PHILADELPHIAEXCEPT RHODE ISLAND, WHICH CONTINUALLY FRUSTRATED THINGS IN CONGRESS DURING ARTICLESRHODE ISLAND LAST STATE TO SIGN EVENTUAL CONSTITUTION-CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION55 DELEGATES (ONLY 39 SIGN EVENTUAL CONSTITUTION)ALL WERE MALE LANDOWNERSBUSINESS AND POLITICAL ELITEMOST HAD POLITICAL EXPERIENCEWELL-EDUCATED IN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHYIMPORTANT FIGURES AT THE CONVENTIONGEORGE WASHINGTONALEXANDER HAMILTON (anti-federalist)JAMES MADISON (federalist)MISSING FROM CONVENTIONTHOMAS JEFFERSON & JOHN ADAMS (ABROAD, ENGAGED IN DIPLOMACY)PATRICK “GIVE ME LIBERTY OR GIVE ME DEATH” HENRY-FOUNDERS DILEMMAWANTED A STRONGER CENTRAL GOVT BECAUSE OF THE WEAKNESS OF THE ARTICLES, YET FEARED A GOVT THAT WAS TOO STRONGFEARED BOTH ANARCHY AND TYRANNYGROWING ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY AND UNREST PUT DEBTS AND PROPERTY INTO QUESTIONSPREADING REBELLIONS UNDER ARTICLES SCARED FOUNDERSWANTED TO IMPROVE NATIONAL DELIVERY OF PUBLIC GOODSDEFENSE, FLOW OF COMMERCETOO MANY FREE-RIDER PROBLEMS UNDER ARTICLESBUT ALSO PROTECTS PAROCHIAL (LOCAL) INTERESTSCONSTITUTION WOULD HAVE TO WIN PUBLIC SUPPORT ACROSS THE STATESWHICH VARIED IN CULTURE AND POLITICAL/ECONOMIC DESIRES AND INTERESTFOUNDERS ALSO HAVE PREFERENCE FOR INDIVIDUAL BENEFITSWANTED TO MAINTAIN A POLITICAL FUTURE FOR THEMSELVESTHEY, AFTER ALL, HAD FOUGHT/RISKED THEIR LIVES BY TREASON TO CREATE COUNTRY IN FIRST PLACEMANY OF THEM ALSO HAD A LOT TO LOSE FROM CONTINUED RIOTS/REBELLION/GROWING ANARCHY UNDER ARTICLESFOUNDERS HAD A CONTINENTAL IDEOLOGYMOST HAD SHARED EXPERIENCE IN CONTINENTAL CONGRESS AND SAW ISSUES IN NATIONAL TERMS, FLOW OF COMMERCETHEY RECOGNIZED THERE WERE PROBLEMS WITH ARTICLESBUT THERE WAS AN ISSUE OF HOW TO DEFINE THE PROBLEM THEY FACED AT CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONDID THEY NEED BIG CHANGE OR JUST REVISION OF STATUS QUO?NOT EVERYONE WANTED TO GET RID OF THE ARTICLESBUT JAMES MADISON DOES AND HES VERY CLEVERMADISON WAS A DELEGATE TO CONGRESS UNDER ARTICLES & HAD SERVED IN VIRGINIA LEGISLATUREMADISON KNOWS HOW TO SET THE AGENDA (OR PRACTICE “AGENDA-SETTING”)IN POLITICS, THE POWER TO DEFINE THE CHOICES AVAILABLE GIVE YOU THE POWER TO DETERMINE POLITICAL OUTCOMESEXAMPLES -> SUPPOSE THAT A MEMBER OF A TOWN ASSEMBLY WHO LIKES TO STEAL THINGS IS INVOLVED IN A DECISION TO PUNISH THEIFS TO EITHER CUT OFF THEIR HANDS OR CHARGE THEM $100 FINE FOR STEALING.HOW DOES MADISON USE “AGENDA-SETTING” TO SOLVE THE DILEMMA OVER WHETHER TO REFINE OR SCRAP THE ARTICLES?GETS WASHINGTON TO ATTEND CONVENTION & GETS HIM ELECTED PRESIDING OFFICERTHIS INSTANTLY GIVES PROCEEDINGS (AND EVENTUAL OUTCOME) LEGITIMACY AND RESPECTAT THE BEGINNING OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION, VIRGINIA DELEGATE INTRODUCES MADISONS PLANTHIS INSTANTLY SET TONE FOR GETTING RID OF ARTICLESVIRGINIA WAS LARGEST & MOST POPULOUS STATE, SO THIS PUT ADDITIONAL FORCE BEHIND ARGUMENTMADISONS PLAN WAS THE “VIRGINIA PLAN”VIRGINIA PLAN3 BRANCHES OF GOVT -> LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, JUDICIARYBICAMERAL NATIONAL LEGISLATURESLOWER CHAMBER CHOSEN BY PEOPLE IN EACH STATE, UPPER CHAMBER CHOSEN BY LOWER CHAMBER REPRESENTATIVESNATIONAL LEGISLATURE MAKE ANY LAW AND VETO ANY STATE LEGISLATIONEXECUTIVE SELECTED BY LEGISLATURE FOR SINGLE TERMJUDGES APPOINTED BY LEGISLATURE FOR LIFE“COUNCIL OF REVISION” (EXECUTIVE PLUS JUDICIARY) CAN VETO LEGISLATION, BUT NATIONAL LEGISLATURE CAN OVERRIDE VETO WITH A MAJORITY VOTEVIRGINIA PLAN HAD MANY ELEMENTS OF EVENTUAL CONSTITUTIONNATIONAL GOVT WITH SUPREMACY OVER STATESBICAMERAL LEGISLATIONREPRESENTATION IN LEGISLATURE BASED ON POPULATION3 BRANCHES