BSC 114 1st Edition Lecture 7A. Why is Carbon Important?- a component of most living things- things that contain carbon means its organic- 6 electrons- Carbon is only element that has 6 electrons- this is unique because carbon doesn't need to lose/gain 4 electron to form ionic bondsB. Simple O r ganic Molecules of Carbon - Methane- the simplest form of carbon contain for single bonds- Single bonds = bonding with Hydrogen because Hydrogen has only 1 electron available for bonding- Methane forms the shape of a tetrahedral- CH4- Ethane-C2H6- Ethene forms a double tetrahedral shapeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Ethene- C2H4- contains double bonds between the two Carbon atoms- Ethene forms aflat shape C. Carbon Structure - Chains- Carbons form long, carbon skeletons ( aka carbon chains ) - these carbon chains actually make Carbon more versatile- 3 types of Carbon chains- straight- branched- closed rings1. Straight (aka length chains )2. Branched3. RingedD. Hydrocarbons- simplest configuration of Carbons- they are important to us because because they are great conductors of fuel (petroleum)E. Isomers- compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures/properties- 3 Types- structural- enantiomers- geometric1. Structural- different in the covalent arrangements of their atoms- # of isomers increases as the # of carbon chains increases- involves covalent bonds2. Enantiomers- molecules that are mirror images of each other- most have an active form(carry out reactions) or an inactive form(doesn't do much)- ex.) Ibuprofen S & Ibuprofen R3. Geometric- Cis or -trans isomers( cis = on the same side / trans =opposite side )- all have the covalent partnership , but differ in spatial relationships ( where certain things are located)F. Functional Groups- chemical groups that are involved in chemical reactions- each contain certain properties such as shape & charge that can cause different reactions- 7 important functional groups- hydroxyl- carbonyl- carboxyl- sulfhydryl- amino- phosphate- methyl- all except sulfhydryl are hydrophilic and increase the solubility on organic compounds when dissolved in water1. Hydroxyl- ( -OH )- ex.) Ethanol ( hydroxyls often end in -ol )- found in alcohols ( has polar covalentbonds which helps alcohols dissolveeasily in water )2. Carbonyl- ( - - C = O )- ex.) Acetone ( nail polish remover )- If a carbonyl is found within a carbon chain, it’s called a ketone- If a carbonyl is found at the end of a carbon chain, it’s called analdehyde3. Carboxyl- ( -COOH )- ex.) Acetic Acid (vinegar)- the hydrogen in this group can dissociate making the molecule a weak acid4. Sulfhydryl- ( -SH )- helps stabilize the structure of some proteins- often forms disulfide bridges which are strong covalent bonds5. Amino Group- ( -NH2 )- can accept hydrogen ions- acts as a base6. Phosphate Group- ( -OPO3^2- )- Can bond to a carbon chain via one of its oxygen atoms- plays huge role in the transfer of energy ( ATP)7. Methyl Group- ( -CH3 )- adding a methyl groups to DNA effects gene expression- methyl groups in sex hormones affect shape and specific