Chapter 1 Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology The importance of studying anatomy and physiology Define anatomy and physiology describe the origins of anatomical and physiological terms Anatomy What the body looks like Study of human structure or form Physiology how the body works Functions Bio chemistry Biology Chemistry Genetics Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology Structure often dictates function Identify the major levels of organization in organisms Explain the concept of homeostasis Describe negative feedback and positive feedback Use anatomical terms to describe body sections body regions and relative positions Identify the major body cavities Introductions Examining structure of the human body Inspection Looking at a bodies appearance Palpation feeling a structure with the hands Pulse taking or palpitating a lymnp Auscultation Listening to the body Percussion taps on the body Cadaver dissection cutting apart Carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships Comparative anatomy Part has to do with Study of animals who have similar make up to humans The study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends Exploratory surgery Gross Anatomy Structure that can be seen with the naked eye by surface observation radiology or dissection Medical imaging Radiology branch of medicine concerned with imaging Cytology Study of the structure and function of individual cells Ultrastructure fine detail down to the molecular level revealed by the electron microscope Histology microscopic anatomy The approach is taking thinly sliced tissue staining them and looking at them under microscope Histopathology Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease Physiology The study of function Sub disciplines Neurophysiology physiology of nervous system Endocrinology physiology of hormones Pathophysiology mechanisms of disease Comparative physiology The study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance respiration and reproduction Limitations on human experimentation Phase 1 Do things die Phase 2 Next testing on effects and keep pressings along Scientific Method Less observational focused as it is procedures to certain habits of disciplined creativity careful observation logical thinking and honest analysis of one s observations and conclusions Observation s Inductive reasoning and Questions s Hypotheses Must be testable Carry out experiments Start to make predictions deductions to test and eliminate some predictions Hypothetico Deductive Method More physiological knowledge gained by this method Investigator asks a question Formulates a hypothesis Characteristics of a good hypothesis Consistent with what is already known Testable and possibly falsifiable with evidence Human Structure Hierarchy of Complexity From bottom up Atom Molecule composed of atoms Macromolecule composed of molecules Organelle composted of macromolecules Cell composed of organelles Tissue are composed of cells Organ composed of tissues Organ system composed of organs Organism composed of organ systems A single complete individual Reductionism Studying the individual parts gives you an idea of the whole Theory that a large complex system can be understood by studying its simpler components First espoused by Aristotle Holism There are emergent properties of the whole organism Humans are more than the sum of their parts Treats not just a disease or an organ system but the whole person No two humans are exactly alike Most common structure Anatomically variant Variable number organs Missing muscles extra vertebrae renal arteries different locations could be abnormal but could not be Variation in organ locations Left kidney picture on right side of picture is just slightly higher than the right Pelvic kidney A lot higher than the right kidney Horseshoe kidney Kidneys form together Heart Most variant Abdominal Aorta and Common iliac Arteries Crookedness rather than straighter is more abnormal clots Characteristics of life what Distinguishes living from nonliving things Organization Living things exhibit far higher level of organization than the nonliving world around them Cellular composition Compartmentalized in one or more cells Metabolism Taking in molecules from the environment and chemically changing them into molecules that form their own structures control their physiology or provide them with energy Sum of all this internal chemical change Responsiveness Ability to sense and react to stimuli Responsiveness Irritability Excitability Movement Ability to sense and react to stimuli Responsiveness Irritability Excitability Homeostasis Stable internal environment Development Change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism Differentiation the transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task Growth increase in size Reproduction Produce copies of themselves passing their genes on to new younger containers Evolution Not Darwin s Genes evolve different than two generations ago Genetic change form generation to generation Physiological Variation Typical physiological values Affects anesthesia cause it has to do with body weight and ratio to the individual Reference man 22 years old 154lb 70kg light physical activity Consumes 2 800 kcal day Reference woman Same as man except 128 lb and 2 000 kcal day Homeostasis Claude Bernard 1813 78 First to discover homeostasis Internal conditions of the body remain quite constant despite external conditions Walter Cannon 1871 1845 Coined the name homeostasis Negative feedback Dynamic equilibrium balanced change Variation within limited range around a set point Lose of homeostasis control usually ends in disease or death