Effects of Tonicity on RBC’s - Hypertonic solutiono Has a higher concentration of non-permeating soluteso Crenate (shrivels)o 50M NaCL Solution H2O - 5M NaCl - RBCo Red in a hypertonic The RBC while shrivel- Hypotonic solutiono RBC swellso Has a lower concentration of non-permeating solutes than intracellular fluid (ICF) Iyse (burst)o 5M NaCL  50 NaCl of RBC- H2O- Isotonic solution (Normal saline)o Nothing happens- Processes of Membrane Transporto 3 processes that employ a transport protein or carrier 1 Facilitated diffusion (passive)- Carreir-Deidated Transport- Help get through but no ATP - Movement – High to low- Facilitated diffusion: transport of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient- Does not consume ATP- Mol;ecue attaches to some site on the carriero Carrier has to change it’s shape to accommodate- Roling down a hill 2 Primary active transport- Transport of solute through a membrane against its concentration gradiento ATP energy consumed to change carrier Rolling up a hillo Examples of uses: Sodium-potassium pump- Pumping potassium inside the cell and the sodium outside the cell. 3 Secondary active transport- Sodium-glucose transporter- Molecule takes advantage of the movement of another molecule at the expense of ATP- Secondary benefit of the Primary activeo Sodium being pumped out of the cell,o The glucose piggy backs a ride on the sodium being pumped into the cell of the cell- Reducing the amount of sodiumo Allows sodium back in o Glucose will come in through the secondaryo Glucose will come in with the sodium that replaces the sodium pumped out- Only happens if there’s a sodium pumpo Characteristics of Carriers Specificity- Transport proteins specific for a certain ligand (molecule) Saturation- Transport maximum (T)m- Can’t carry more than it can carry- Can carry under its limit, but not overo Carrier –Mediated transport Uniport Tranasporter- Transfer only one type of molecule- Only one of those molecules at a time Symport- Can carry two or more molecule at one time in one direction- In or out, not at the same time.- Antiport transporter (countertransport)- Two or more molecule - In opposite directions- Sodium Porto Vesicular transport – all of them require ATP Processes that move large particles, fluid droplets, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles Endocytosis- vesicular processes that bring material into the cell- 1. Phagocytosis – “cell eating”o Eating up cells that have diedo Solido Plasma membrane will souround it. - 2. Pinocytosis – “cell drinking”o Taking in a lipid o Or liquid that’s on the outside of the cell that the cell wants on the inside o Taking in droplets of ECF- 3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis- particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membraneo Clathirn coated vesicles  Specializedo Endocytosis Receptors sitting on the membrane. Membrane will vaginated Create pit Pinch off from membrane Eaten by the cells Exocytosis - Secreting materialo Vessicle will fuse with the plasma membraneo Opens upo Dumps out into the extracellular spaceTransport Without CarriersMovement of material without the aid of carrier proteinsFiltration Movement of water and solutes through a selectively permeable membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressureSimple diffusion Diffusion of particles through water or air or through a living or artificial membrane, down their concentration gradient, without the aidof membrane carriersOsmosis Net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane, driven by either a difference in solute concentration or a mechanical forceCarrier-Mediated TransportMovement of material through a cell membrane with the aid of carrier proteinsFacilitated diffusion Transport of particles through a selectively permeable membrane, down their concentration gradient, by a carrier that does not directly consume ATPActive transport Transport of particles through a selectively permeable membrane, up their concentration gradient, with the aid of a carrier that consumes ATPPrimary active transportDirect transport of solute particles by an ATP-using membrane pumpSecondary active transportTransport of solute particles by a carrier that does not in itself use ATPbut depends on concentration gradients produced by primary activetransportCotransport Transport of two or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction through a membrane by either facilitated diffusion or active transportCountertransport Transport of two or more different solutes in opposite directions through a membrane by either facilitated diffusion or active transportUniport A carrier that transports only one solute, using either facilitated diffusion or active transportSymport A carrier that performs cotransportAntiport A carrier that performs countertransportVesicular (Bulk) TransportMovement of fluid and particles through a plasma membrane by way of membrane vesicles; consumes ATPEndocytosis Vesicular transport of particles into a cell Phagocytosis Process of engulfing large particles by means of pseudopods; “cell eating” Pinocytosis Process of imbibing extracellular fluid in which the plasma membrane sinks in and pinches off small vesicles containing droplets of fluid Receptor-mediated endocytosisPhagocytosis or pinocytosis in which specific solute particles bind to receptors on the plasma membrane, and are then taken into the cell in clathrin-coated vesicles with a minimal amount of extraneous matterExocytosis Process of eliminating material from a cell by means of a vesicle approaching the cell surface, fusing with the plasma membrane, and expelling its contents; used to release cell secretions, replace worn-out plasma membrane, and replace membrane that has been internalized by endocytosis- The cell interioro Organelles, cytoskeleton, and inclusionso All embedded in a clear gelatinous cytosolo Cytoskeleton Guides proteins in cello Inclusions Two kinds - Stored cellular productso Glycogen granules, pigments, and fat droplets- Foreign bodieso Viruses, intracellular bacteria, dust particles, and other debris phagocytized by a cello Cytosol Intracellular fluido Cytoskeleton Collection of filaments and cylinders- Composed of o Microfilamentso Intermediate fiberso Microtubules- Guides the proteins- Gives shapeo Organelles Internal structures, carry out specialized metabolic tasks Membranous organelles Nonmembranous