Chapter 1 MAJOR THEMES AND PHILOSOPHY Intro o Anatomy the study of human structure o Philosophy the study of function Biology Biochemistry Chemistry Genetics Anatomy The Study of Form o Involves examining structures of the body Inspection looking at the body s appearance as in performing a physical examination or making a clinical diagnosis from surface appearance Palpation feeling the structure with the hands Auscultation listening to the natural sounds made by the body Percussion the examiner taps on the body feels for abnormal resistance and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air o Cadaver research lots of regulation today o Dissection the careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships o Comparative anatomy studying animals and transferring the knowledge they have learned to the human body Ex studying a dog heart o Exploratory surgery Opening up the body and making observations Gross anatomy structures that can be seen with the naked eye whether by surface observation radiology or dissection o Medical imaging methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery Radiology study of treating diseases through images taken within the body o Cytology the study of structure and functions cells Few cells on a slide o Histology study of the microscopic structure in tissues o Ultrastructure structures of the cell that are revealed by electron microscope Physiology The Study of Function o Subdisciplines Neurophysiology physiology of the nervous system Endocrinology physiology of hormones Pathophysiology physiology of the mechanisms of disease o Comparative Physiology the study of how different species have solved life problems such as water balance respiration and reproduction Has more limitation than comparative anatomy Limitations on human experimentation Basis for development of new drugs and medical procedures Scientific Method driven on observations 1 Observation s 2 Inductive reasoning question s 3 Hypotheses must be testable 4 Carry out experiments 5 Start to make predictions deduction to test and eliminate some predictions o Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes o Created to set standards for truth a uniform approach to experimentation Inductive Method o Used in anatomy o Bacon o Process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them Hypothetico Deductive Method o Used in physiology o Descartes o Investigator asks questions o Formulates a hypothesis Good hypothesis Consistent with what is already known Testable and possibly falsified with evidence Hierarchy of Complexity o Atom molecule macromolecule organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism o Reductionism theory that a large complex system like the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components First espoused by Aristotle Problem can t study one part of the body and know how it will affect the whole o Holism there are emergent properties of whole organisms Humans are more than the sum of their parts Anatomical Variation o No two humans are exactly alike Most common structure Anatomical variant Variable number of organs Missing muscles extra vertebrae renal arteries o Variation in Organ Locations Kidneys pelvic kidneys horse shoe kidneys Heart variations in branches of aorta when people s arteries aren t very straight they are prone to clots because the cells stick to the walls Characteristic of Life 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Organization Cell Components Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Homeostasis Development Reproduction Evolution Homeostasis stable internal environment our body is always trying to maintain this Physiological Variation o Typical physiological value Reference Man 22 years old 154lbs 70kg light physical activity 2 800kcal Reference Woman Same as man 128lbs 2 000kcal These are important things to know when applying medications of things such as anaesthesia Homeostasis o Claude Bernard Despite changes in our external environment our body maintains itself and stays the same internally o Walter Cannon Coined the term homeostasis o Negative Feedback the process in which the body senses a change and activate mechanisms that negate or reverse it Key mechanism for maintaining health Ex home heating system Receptor what receives the stimulus many receptors in the body o Thermo receptors receptors that sense a change in blood pressure Response is Vasodilation opens blood vessels cools body temperature Vasoconstriction constricts blood vessels heats body temperature o Baroreceptors Raises blood pressure after temporary reduction when standing up does this by accelerating heart beat and causing vasoconstriction these become slower to react as we age Integrating control center processes stimulus and sends instructions to the body brain Effector whatever will carry out the instructions in the body usually cell or organ Hypothalamus sets body temperature o Positive Feedback self amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction rather than producing the corrective effects of negative feedback Ex child birth fever blood clotting The Language of Medicine o Renaissance There was confusion about anatomical terminology during this time because there were different names for the same thing in different countries because of a lack of traveling abilities o The Standard International Anatomical Terminology Terminologia Anatomica TA was created to establish consistent anatomical terms o 90 of medical terms have Greek or Latin roots o Acronyms for medical terms are made from the first letter or the first few letters of the word o The importance of precision Be precise in terms Spell correctly People s lives are in your hands