BIO 105 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lecture 1 Jan 8 Biology the study of life Lecture 2 Jan 8 Biosphere sum of planet s ecosystem Communities all population of different species in an area Population group of individuals of same species in an area Ecosystem all forms of life in an area and non living factors Biotic living factors that influence life in the biosphere predation and competition Abiotic nonliving factors that influence life in the biosphere solar energy water temperature wind Middle Stratosphere contains ozone layer Inner Troposphere greenhouse effect Industrial Smog Gray smog cities that burn large amounts of coal and heavy fuels main components are sulfur oxide Photochemical Smog brown smog automobile exhaust nitrogen oxides are the main culprits Eutrophic shallow nutrient rich has high primary productivity Oligotrophic deep nutrient poor has low primary productivity Seasonal Overturn takes place in spring and fall Oceans Biome water covers 75 of earth s surface 93 of this is salt water Photic Zone where light penetrates most productive area on Earth Aphotic Zone no light but still high in activity depends on organic matter that sinks down from the photic zone for energy Tropical Forests cluster near equator vertical stratification highest here Deserts less than 10 centimeters annual rainfall 30 degrees north and south of the equator Arctic is a type of tundra permafrost lies beneath the surface Alpine is a type of tundra no underlying permafrost Lecture 3 Jan 13 Producers are the closest to the energy input and are the first trophic level Energy transfers between levels are never 100 actually less than 20 to as low as 10 Water cycle ocean main reservoir Nitrogen cycle atmosphere main reservoir Carbon cycle sediments and rocks main reservoir Phosphorus cycle earth s crust main reservoir only one without and atmospheric componentmost prevalent limiting factor in ecosystems Know that 51 of the US groundwater is contaminated Lecture 4 Jan 13 Innate Behavior behavior performed in same way by all individuals of a species Sign stimulus causes a Fixed Action Pattern a stereotyped response Learning responses that change with experience Imprinting time dependent form of learning ducklings lose their mom but there is a cat that is always around them they then adopt the cat to be their mom Starling Nest Decoration Starlings line nest with wild carrot WHY Experimenters removed wild carrot from some nests Result Mites increase carrots protected nest and birds from mites Lecture 5 Jan 15 Be able to match definitions with examples or results Interspecific Interaction Competition Mutualism Predation Herbivory Parasites and pathogens Effect on Species 1 Negative Positive Positive Positive Positive Effect on Species 2 Negative Positive Negative Negative Negative Commensalism Positive Unaffected 0 Example Weeds in garden Bees and flowers Lion and antelopes Caterpillars and leaves Heartworm and dogs Salmonella and humans Barnacles on a whale Keystone Species exerts an important regulation effect on other species in a community Otter if otters are removed the community structure is greatly affected Primary Succession glacier retreat lava bed mosses lichens small plants with brief life cycles grow in first Secondary Succession after fire grasses grow in first then tress and other organisms Know that the farther you go from the equator the less species will be present Lecture 6 Jan 15 Clumped dispersion is when individual aggregate in patches fish humans Uniform dispersion is when individuals are evenly spaced penguins Random dispersion the position of each individual is independent of the others forest Type 1 Survivorship Curves fewer offspring few die young most individuals survive until old age humans Type 2 Survivorship Curves chance of death pretty similar in young and older slanted linedeath rate consistent over time songbirds lizards Type 3 Survivorship Curves produce a lot of offspring many individuals die early if survive to adult good chance to live oysters fish J Shaped Curve exponential growth population size expands by ever increasing increments during successive intervals Know that the impact of death on growth is that death slows rate of increase but does not prevent exponential growth just shifts it to the right Lecture 7 Jan 20 Isotopes atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons How atoms work The atom s center is made up of protons and neutrons Around the atom are rings or layers In the first layer there are ONLY two seats for electrons On the next layers there are ONLY eight seats for electrons The electrons must fill up the seats in layer one before filling up the seats in layer two and so on In layer two where there are eight seats the electrons sit the farthest from one another Basically like when a guy uses the urinals they do not stand directly next to another person instead they go farther down When the electrons fill up the seats farthest away they then fill in the rest of the seats This is the same concept with electrons Know that there are eight electrons in the outer shell More bonds can be created when there are 4 electrons in the outer shell Protons positive charges Electrons negative charges Neutrons no charge neutral Polar Bond electrons spend more time near nucleus with most protons unequal pull Nonpolar Bond atoms share electrons pull equally Properties of water bonds to hydrophilic substances repels hydrophobic ones stabilizes temperature expands when it freezes cohesive capacity to dissolve substances Know that organic carbon Macromolecules 1 carbohydrates 2 Lipids 3 Proteins 4 Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates plants storage form of carbs is starch humans storage form of carbs is glycogen humans store energy in muscle and liver Saturated Fatty Acid no carbon carbon bonds a hydrogen at every possible position Unsaturated Fatty Acid one or more carbon carbon double bonds remove a hydrogen have a kink where double bond is Proteins made up of amino acids Lecture 8 Jan 22 Structure of cells o Plasma membrane outermost membrane give shape to cell things can pass across this membrane o Nucleus region where DNA is stored the brain of the cell o Cytoplasm everything between the plasma membrane and region of DNA o Endoplasmic Reticulum manufacturing center for proteins Rough ER ribosome covered manufactures membranes processes proteins Smooth ER no ribosomes build lipids inactive toxins controls toxins in body o Golgi Apparatus o Vesicles the