BIO 105 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 9 – 14**Be mindful these lectures are according to the book, the lectures in the book and gradebuddy do not align, however the dates provided should helpLecture 9 (Jan 29 th ) Endergonic Reactions- Anabolic Pathway- Absorb energy and yield products rich in potential energy- Requires energy - Assemble molecules from smaller- Product has MORE energy than reactants- Adds energy, so that you have more energy- EXAMPLE PHOTOSYNTHESIS Exergonic Reactions- Catabolic Pathway- Yield products that contain less potential energy than their reactants- Breakdown large molecules to smaller- Release energy- Losing energy- Remember Exergonic Reactions have energy that exits, which means it is losing energy- EXAMPLE AEROBIC RESPIRATION-breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water Enzymes- 5 Characteristics 1. Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers2. Enzymes are substrate specific- react with specific substances (lock and key fit)3. The active site is an enzyme’s catalytic center- causes reaction4. A cell’s physical and chemical environment affects enzyme activity (i.e. Salt, pH,etc)5. Enzymes are reusable- they are not destroyedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity- Coenzymes and Cofactors- Allosteric regulators- Temperature- pH- Salt Concentration Cell MovementCell Movement DefinitionDiffusion Simple and facilitated, passive movement of like molecules or ions down a concentration gradient, Hydrophobic molecules and very small uncharged non-polar molecules diffuse directly through membraneFacilitated Diffusion Hydrophilic substances and larger molecules diffuse through membranes with assistance of transport proteins, passiveOsmosis Passive movement of water down its concentration gradient, across a membrane to dilute solute on other side, water molecules tend to passively diffuse down its water concentration gradient,Active Transport Proteins act as pumps, moving substances across membrane against concentration gradient- usually using ATP, active Phagocytosis- cell eating, bigger molecules Pinocytosis- cell dringking, little droplets of fluid Receptor Mediated- i.e. cholesterolLecture 10-( Feb 3 rd ) Photosynthesis Equation-12H₂O +6CO₂ 6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6H₂O Where does hydrogen come from in plants? Splitting of water Light- Dependent Reactions (Cyclic and Noncyclic)- occurs in the thylakoid membrane system- Cyclic- ATP forms, requires one photosystem- Noncylic- ATP and NADH form, water is split and oxygen released, requires two photosystems Light- Independent Reactions (Calvin- Benson Cycle)- reactions occur in the stroma- Reactants- carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH- Products produced- Glucose, ADP, NADP Primary chlorophyll found in plants- Chlorophyll “a” greatestLecture 11-(Feb 3 rd and Feb 5 th ) Aerobic Stages1. Glycolysis- occurs in cytoplasm2. Krebs Cycle (TCA)- occurs in Mitochondria3. Electron Transport Phosphorylation (ETC/ ETP)- occurs in mitochondriaa. Oxygen final electron acceptor Glycolysis 2NADH Preparatory Reactions 2NADH Krebs Cycle 2 FADH₂ + 6 NADH Total 2FADH₂ + 10 NADH Energy summary of ATP produced (per molecule of glucose)- Glycolysis – 2 ATP formed by substrate level phosphorylation- Krebs Cycle/ TCA- 2 ATP formed by substrate- level phosphorylation- Electron Transport Phospholation (ETP/ ETC)-32 ATP formed What is the main source of energy in the human diet? Carbohydrates Anaerobic Conditions- Lactic Acid Fermentation-humans ferment lactic acid in muscles when oxygen becomes depleted- Alcohol Fermentation (not in humans)- Cellular (anaerobic) respirationLecture 12- (Feb 5 th & Feb 10 th ) What is secreted after eating? Insulin Cancer Cells- no cell cycle controls- they “ignore” the rules- Cancer cells do not stop diving when growth factors are depleted: they mayo Manufacture their own growth factorso Have abnormally in signaling pathwayo Have problem in cell cycle control system- If and when cancer cells stop dividing, they do so at random points, not at the normal checkpoints in the cell cycle 5 Cell Cycles of Mitosis1. Interphase- longest cycle, DNA is duplicated, cells appear to be inactive but they are quite the opposite2. Prophase- 3. Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle4. Anaphase- centrioles part5. Telophase When does synapsis occur? Prophase ⁴ Cell cycles of Meiosis1. Interphase2. Prophase 13. Metaphase 14. Anaphase 15. Telophase 16. Cytokinesis7. Interphase 28. Metaphase 29. Anaphase 210. Telophase 2 Meiosis produces 4 daughter cells, requires 2 divisions, daughter cells are haploid (1n), genetically variable to parent cells Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells, requires 1 division, daughter cells are diploid, genetically identical to parent cellsLecture 13 (Feb 10 th & Feb 12 th ) Blood Types- “O”= universal donor (ii), “AB” Universal acceptor (AB) Autosomal Dominant Inheritance-Trait typically appears in every generation, most homozygous combinations lethal (aborted or die before birth), Heterozygote’s show disease  Incompletely Dominant Disorders Chromosomal Disorders- Disorders can come from changes in chromosomal structure such as Deletions and mutations in a part of a chromosomeGenetic Disorders CharacteristicsHuntington’s disease Problem –disease disease shows in 30s after many have reproduced (autosomal dominant)Achondroplasia Another autosomal disorder, Homozygous form usually leads to stillbirth, heterozygotes display a type of dwarfismFamilial Hypercholesterolemia Affects the number of LDL- cholesterol receptors on cells, homozygous for defective gene has non receptors cannot process cholesterol have high blood cholesterol levels and develop cardiovascular disease in teenageyears, heterozygous individual have half the normal number of receptors and elevated blood levels (incompletely dominant)X- Linked Recessive Inheritance Males show disorder more than females, son cannot inherit disorder from his father because father must give Y to son (incompletely dominant)Williams Syndrome Chromosome 7- loses an end piece, turned up nose, wide mouth with small chin, poor academic skills but well developed verbal and musical skills (chromosomal disorder)Cri du