PSY 200 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Current Lecture -Hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. Example: intelligence is related to filtering out distractions and more efficient planning of when they can and cannot be distracted in class.-Prediction is a guess about what would happen if the hypothesis were true.-Independent variable is what the experimenter is varying or manipulating.-Dependent variable is the response that is measured.*Wilhelm Wundt (1879)-He was the founder of psychology as a science.-He had the first psychological lab in Leipzig, GE. -He was a Structuralist which means he thinks experience is determined by combing elements of experience called sensations.-Structuralism is based on the periodic chart. Used introspection to find these basic building blocks of the mind.*Introspection says different experiences is a problem for structuralism because there is no right or wrong answer for people’s experiences.-We want to find reliable data from person to person.*Herman Ebbinghaus-He was a contemporary of Wundt.-Developed method for studying forgetting as function of time. *William James-He started first American psychology lab. -Proposed Functionalism- how the mind functions instead of its contents. -Proposed multicomponent memory; Primary vs. Secondary memory.-Principals of psychology: sensation, perception, attention, consciousness, memory, reasoning.-He didn’t like experiments, but did them anyways. *Rise of BehaviorismJohn Watson proposed behaviorism- eliminate the mind as a topic of study.-Behaviorism fiercely attacked introspectionism.-Said there was in psychology that we can’t directly observe. -All behavior arises due to conditioned relationships between stimulus and response.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Out: mentalistic concepts, introspection.-In: studying observable behavior, stimulus-response. -Behaviorism began with Pavlov. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine in 1904. *Watson (1920)- Conducted the “Little Albert” experiment. (Youtube)-Behavior can be analyzed without reference to mind. *Skinner (1950)- -Operant conditioning- behavior is strengthened by positive/negative reinforcers. -In 1957 he argues that children learn language through operant conditioning. -Children imitate speech through what they hear. -Correct speech is rewarded. *Chomsky (1959)- -Says that children say things they have never heard and that is incorrect, so this is a problem. - Argues children do not only imitate.*Edward Tolman- -Argued we must have mental representations. *Bousfield (1953)- -Most people in recalling items produce clusters of items from the same category. -We use strategy.-Strategies are not observable. -Can’t ignore it, but can’t explain it. *Emergence of Cognitive Psychology -One date can’t be agreed upon so it’s anywhere from 1950-1970.-Ulric Neissers “Cognitive Psychology” textbook was published in 1957 because of dissatisfaction with behaviorisms account of complex