PSY 200 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Current Lecture Hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon Example intelligence is related to filtering out distractions and more efficient planning of when they can and cannot be distracted in class Prediction is a guess about what would happen if the hypothesis were true Independent variable is what the experimenter is varying or manipulating Dependent variable is the response that is measured Wilhelm Wundt 1879 He was the founder of psychology as a science He had the first psychological lab in Leipzig GE He was a Structuralist which means he thinks experience is determined by combing elements of experience called sensations Structuralism is based on the periodic chart Used introspection to find these basic building blocks of the mind Introspection says different experiences is a problem for structuralism because there is no right or wrong answer for people s experiences We want to find reliable data from person to person Herman Ebbinghaus He was a contemporary of Wundt Developed method for studying forgetting as function of time William James He started first American psychology lab Proposed Functionalism how the mind functions instead of its contents Proposed multicomponent memory Primary vs Secondary memory Principals of psychology sensation perception attention consciousness memory reasoning He didn t like experiments but did them anyways Rise of Behaviorism John Watson proposed behaviorism eliminate the mind as a topic of study Behaviorism fiercely attacked introspectionism Said there was in psychology that we can t directly observe All behavior arises due to conditioned relationships between stimulus and response These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Out mentalistic concepts introspection In studying observable behavior stimulus response Behaviorism began with Pavlov He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology Medicine in 1904 Watson 1920 Conducted the Little Albert experiment Youtube Behavior can be analyzed without reference to mind Skinner 1950 Operant conditioning behavior is strengthened by positive negative reinforcers In 1957 he argues that children learn language through operant conditioning Children imitate speech through what they hear Correct speech is rewarded Chomsky 1959 Says that children say things they have never heard and that is incorrect so this is a problem Argues children do not only imitate Edward Tolman Argued we must have mental representations Bousfield 1953 Most people in recalling items produce clusters of items from the same category We use strategy Strategies are not observable Can t ignore it but can t explain it Emergence of Cognitive Psychology One date can t be agreed upon so it s anywhere from 1950 1970 Ulric Neissers Cognitive Psychology textbook was published in 1957 because of dissatisfaction with behaviorisms account of complex behavior