Psychology 101 Notes Exam 1PrologueI) Psychology Science is born:1) Wilhelm Wundt: established first psychology lab in Germanya) Structuralism: Edward Titchner, introspection to search for the minds structural elements (looking inward, images, and feeling)b) Functionalism: William James, things developed because adaptive-Encourages explorations of down to earth emotions, memories, willpower, and habits (*complex mental processes)2) Mary Calkins: mentored by William James, first woman president of American Psychological Association (1905)3) Margret Washburn: first woman to receive psychology PH.D and wrote The Animal Mind, 2nd APA presidentII) Psychological Science DevelopsA) Psychology defined as “Science of Mental life”1) Wundt and Titchner= inner sensations, images and feelings2) James= introspective examination of stream of consciousness & emotionB) Psychology defines as “Scientific study of observable behavior”1) Watson: Little Albert experiment2) Skinner: how consequence shape behaviorC) More1) Freudian psychology: emphasizes unconscious though processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences and affect on behavior 2) Behaviorists: observe and record people’s behavior (learning conditioned responses) 1) object science 2) studies behavior w/o reference to mental process * most agree with 1 but not 23) Humanistic: environment influences by nurture or limits, -Emphasizes growth potential for healthy individuals for personal growth4) Cognitive neuroscience: explores ways we perceive, & remember information-Study brain activity linked with cognition- Result of cognitive revolution of 19605) Psychology: science of behavior and mental processes *evaluates ideas-Behavior: what organism does (action that’s observed/ recorded)-Mental process: internal subject e*Psychology developed from philosophy & biology/now globalizing and growingIII) Psychology’s Biggest Question1) Charles Darwin argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies (traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in particular environment& passed on to succeeding generations) IV) Psychology’s 3 main Levels of Analysis1) Levels of analysis: differing complementary (related to everything else) views, form biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing a given phenomenon-Levels of analysis form bio psychosocial approach (integrates biological and social cultural & psychosocial levels of analysisPsychology 101 Notes Exam 1*Each of psychology’s perspectives is helpful, but each by itself fails to reveal the whole pictureV) Psychology’s Subfields (* relates to many fields)-Diverse, but united by common QuestionDescribing & explaining behavior & the mind underlying it1) Basic research: aims to increase scientific knowledge basea. Basic: links brain & mindb. Developmental: studies changes from womb to tombc. Personality: persistent traitsd. Social: explores how view & affect one another2) Applied research: solve practical problems3) Counseling Psychology: help people cope with challenges & crisis, & personal & social functioning4) Clinical psychology: Asses, treat mental, emotional, & behavioral disorders5) Psychiatrist: provide psychotherapy, MD, prescribe drugs, 6) Positive Psychology: ask psychology contribute 2 good life-Goals: discovering/ promoting strengths & virtues that help us thrive7) Community Psychology: seek ways to adept or cope/ how we interact with social environment and social instructions and affect on people and groups*Psychology influences modern culture & learning about psychology change on peopleVI) How can Psychological principals help you learn and remember?1) Testing effect: aka Retrieval Practice Effect or Test-Enhanced learning- Repeated self testing and rehearsal of previously studied material- Master info actively processing it (put it own words, rehearse, retrieve, & review)2) SQ3R: acronym for 5 steps: Survery, Question, Read, Retrieve, ReviewIn Class Notes-Social psychology: political science, anthropology, and sociology -Natural psychology: biology, chemistry, and physics-Usefulness of psychology-Half of you experience diagnosable mental illness, know someone w/ mental ill-Men (depression & alcoholism) -Woman (depression & eating disorders)-Psychodynamic: personality influenced by motives outside own awareness-Neuroscience: link btw hormone levels & sexual motivation-Personality psychology: basic research on persistent human traits like optimism & pessimismPsychology 101 Notes Exam 1Chapter 1: Thinking Critically w/ Psychological ScienceI) Need for Psychological Science A) These three things lead to overestimate our intuition * Scientific inquiry helps sift reality form illusion1) Hindsight bias: aka I knew it all along- Believe after learning outcomes, that one would have foreseen it2) overconfidence: we tend to think we know more than we do3) Perceiving order in random events: we are prone to perceive patternsB) Scientific Attitude 3 things needed: curious, skeptical, and humble1) Humility: awareness of our own vulnerability to error, openness to surprises & new perspectives2) Curiosity, skepticism, & humility unifies psychologists as a community as they check and recheck one another’s findings& conclusions3) Critical thinking (smart thinking) examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, & assesses conclusions/ ASK QUESTIONS-Expose themselves to new sources that challenge their preconceivedideas II) How Do Psychologist Ask & Answer QuestionsA) Scientific method: Self-correcting process for evaluating ideas w/ observation & analysis1) Theory: explanation using integrated set out principles that organizes observations -useful summary, simplifiers, & form a picture, -Produces hypothesis (testable prediction) AGREED UPON BY ALMOST ALL-Operational definitions; statement of the procedures used to define research variable so others can replicate (repeat) research*Good theory: organizes self-reports & observations & implies predictions B) Description Research: through case studies, naturalistic observation, & survey1) Case Study: (analysis of special individuals) examines one individual in depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all-Show what can happen, & direction for further study*Bad case study: someone may be atypical (Ex: smokers die younger, uncle 2 packs and is 89)2) Naturalistic Observation: describes behavior in natural environment but doesn’t