Exam 4 Psychology 101CH: 13 Personality: individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, & acting (pg. 543)I)Psychodynamic Theories: view personality w/ focus on unconscious & importance of childhood experiences A)Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective: Exploring the Unconscious (Victorian era)1)free association: psychoanalysis method of exploring the unconscious in which theperson relaxes & say whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing (retrace line where painful events were)2)psychoanalysis: Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts & actions tounconscious motives & conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose & interpret unconscious tensions (theory of personality & associated treatment techniques)3)unconscious: reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, & memories. According to contemporary psychologists, info processing of which we are unaware-preconscious area: retrieve them into conscious awareness-repress: forcibly block from consciousness b/c unsettling acknowledge4)Personality Structure: 3 Interacting systems (id, ego, superego)a)Id: reservoir of unconscious, psychic energy that according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual & aggressive drives (newborn)-pleasure principle, demands immediate gratificationb)Ego: largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego & reality (thought, judgments)-reality principle: satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than painc)Superego: age 4-5, represents internalized ideals & provides standards for judgment (conscience ) & 4 future aspirations -lack: self-indulgent, remorseless -increased: virtuous but guilt-ridden (ought 2 behave)5)Personality Development:a)psychosexual stages: childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones (chart in book: 516)-Electra complex: girls experience parallel-phallic stage: boys seek genital stimulation, Oedipus complex-Oedipus complex: boy’s sexual desires toward mom & feeling of jealousy & hatred for he rival fatherb)identification: process which, children incorporate their parent’s values into their developing superegos-gender identity: sense being male or femalec)fixation: lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, conflicts unresolved (might fixate oral stage: seek gratification so smoke)6)Defense Mechanisms: ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality (directly or indirectly)a)repression basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, & memories form consciousness*underlies all other defense mechanisms (table 13.2, page 518) B)Neo-Freudian & Psychodynamic Theorists (accepted Freud’s basic ideas)Exam 4 Psychology 1011)id, ego, superego, importance unconscious, shaping personality childhood, dynamics anxiety, defense mechanisms 2)not: more emphasis conscious mind’s role interpreting experiences w/ coping & doubted sex & aggression all-consuming motivation 3)People: Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, & Carl Junga)Adler: childhood important, social tensions crucial personality formationb)Horney: childhood anxiety trigger desire 4 love & security, weak ego “penis envy” attempted to balance bias (his view of psychology as masculine)c)Jung:, unconscious powerful influence-collective unconscious: concept of shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ historyd)Freud: right about struggle inner conflicts wishers, fear, & values4)Assessing Unconscious Processesa)projective test: personality test, Rorschach, provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics (psychological X-ray)b) Rorschach inkblot test: most widely used projective test, set of 10 inkblotsdesigned by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s predations of theblots (not reliable) C)Evaluating Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective & Modern Views of Unconscious1)conflicting modern Research on Freud’s ideas: lifelong, underestimated peer influence, scientific shortcomings (observations)2) Challenges idea repression: repression rare & mental response to terrible trauma3)modern unconscious mind: unconscious cooler info processing occurs (aware)-false consensus effect: tendency to overestimate extent which others share beliefs & behaviors-terror-management theory: death-related & behavioral response to reminders of their impending deathII)Humanistic Theories: personality w/ focus on potential for healthy personal growth (not on drives & conflicts) A) Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person (studied healthy/ creative pp.)1)hierarchy of needs physiological-personal safety-security-self esteem2)self-actualization: one of ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical & psychological needs are met & self-esteem is achieved: motivation to fulfill one’s potential3)Self-transcendence: purpose & communion beyond the self B)Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Perspective (growth promotion climate=3 thing)1)3 things: genuineness, acceptance, empathy (mirror another’s feelings)-unconditional positive regard: attitude of total acceptance toward another person (regard to acceptance)2)self-concept: all our thoughts & feelings about ourselves in answer to the question,“who am I?” (fall short ideal self =dissatisfied & unhappy) C)Assessing the Self: ideal & actual alike, self-concept is positive D)Evaluating Humanistic Theories: influenced popular psychology today (self-concept), but naïve (falls w/ capacity for evil & threats)III)Trait Theories: characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel & act, as assessed by self-report inventories & peer reports-tried to describing behavior patterns w/ responses to questions Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (this test give feeling or thinking type) (counseling tool) A)Exploring TraitsExam 4 Psychology 1011)Factor analysis: statistical procedure identify cluster of test items tap basic components of intelligence (2 personality dimensions: extra/intra verted)(in-stability)2)Biology & Personality: extraverts brain arousal low, genes define personality B)Assessing Traits1) personality inventory: questionnaire (T/F or Agree/DIS items) on which pp. respond to items designed to gauge a wide