Chapter 3 (Matter & Energy): Matter: (mostly pertaining to definitions) • 3 states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) & their definitions: • Definitions: o Pure Substance vs. Mixture ! Separation of mixtures using physical means. o Solutions, both homogeneous & heterogeneous o Element vs. compound; concept of the atom o Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous o Physical Properties vs. Chemical Properties o Physical Changes vs. Chemical Changes 03_04.JPG03_08.JPGChemical Equations of reaction: • Reactants vs. products in a rxn: [REACTANTS → PRODUCTS] • • Exothermic vs. Endothermic rxns Energy: • Chemical Energy: potential energy stored in chemical bonds. o General tally of potential energy stored in chemical bonds of reactants vs. the potential energy stored in chemical bonds of products: illustrates either an exothermic or endothermic reaction. • Unit of measure is the Joule (J)• Temperature: A measure of the random kinetic motion of particles o Units of measure and their general concepts (oC, oF, K) o Conversion between the different temperature units. • Heat Capacity (definition) [a.k.a. “specific heat”] o Equation: q = m x c x ∆T: use in problems. Chapter 4 (Atoms & Elements): Dalton’s Atomic Theory: Law of Multiple Proportions:Nuclear Model of an Atom: • Protons, neutrons, & electrons: where within the atom they reside • Number of protons determines an element’s identity. • Number of neutrons determines an element’s isotopic form Periodic Table: General layout:36 elements whose chemical symbols must be memorized: Concept of Atomic Number (Z) and atomic mass: Concept of periodicity:Different ways of splitting up the periodic table into sections: o Metals vs. non-metals o Main Group vs Transition Elements o Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earths, Halogens, Noble Gases. • “Block” Nomenclature (s block, p block, etc):Ions: - An atom that has lost or gained electrons and has become charged. - An atom which has a different number of protons and electrons Cations: Positively-charged Ions Anions: Negatively-charged Ions Predicting ions from elements based on the columns they reside in in the Periodic Table: Masses of atoms based upon Atomic Mass (amu): Concept of Mass Number (M or A) (protons +