ATTR 210 HUMAN ANATOMY FOR ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONALSSPRING 2014General IntroductionWhat Is Anatomy? Study of structure Greek for “to cut up” or “cut open” Need to know parts before functions Physiology is the study of function Sizes of AnatomyMicroscopic (a.k.a. histology): Structures too small to be seen with the unaided eye Gross: Structures that can be seen with the unaided eyeGross Sub disciplines  Regional anatomy  study of structures within a single region e.g., the head and neck or abdomen Systemic anatomy  study of structures involved with a specific activity e.g., digestion or reproduction Surface anatomy  study of internal structures as their locations relate to regions of skin or other surface markingsRegions of the Body- Head and Neck- Thorax- Abdomen- Pelvis- Upper Extremity- Lower ExtremityBody Cavities- Posterior cavitieso Cranial: formed by skull boneso Vertebral: formed by vertebral column bones- Ventral cavitieso Thoracic: the superior cavityo Abdominopelvic: the inferior cavity physically separated by the diaphragmSystems and FunctionSystem Function Examples Responsible OrgansIntegumentary Body Covering Skin, Hair, Sweat Glands,Sebaceous GlandsSkeletal Support Bones, Ligaments,CartilageMuscular Movement MusclesNervous Integration andCoordinationBrain, Spinal Cord,Peripheral Nerves, SensoryOrgansEndocrine Integration andCoordinationHormone Secreting GlandsCardiovascular Transportation Heart, Arteries, Veins,CapillariesLymphatic Transportation Lymph Nodes, Thymus,SpleenDigestive Absorption andExcretionMouth, Salivary Glands,Stomach, Intestines, Liver,Gall Bladder, PancreasRespiratory Absorption andExcretionTrachea, Lungs, BronchiRenal Absorption andExcretionKidneys, Ureter, Bladder,UrethraAnatomical vs Functional Position- Anatomical: an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor. The head is level and the eyes look forward. The arms are at either side of the body and the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. - Functional: the same as anatomical except that the palms of the hands face medially toward the thighs.- All descriptions in human anatomy are expressed in relation to the anatomical position.Sections and Planes Used to visualize internal and 3-D anatomy of body parts relative to each other A section an actual cut or slice through a structure or a piece removed by slicing a structure Planes imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body or an organ there are three standard anatomic planesBody Planes1. Coronal/Frontal: plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.2. MidSagittal (median) plane divides the body into equal right and left halves.a. other sagittal planes divide the body into unequal left and right parts3. Transverse plane divides the body superior and inferior halves.4. Oblique divides the body at various anglesGeneral Terminologyanterior: the front ofposterior: the back of distal: general term meaning farther from the attachment to the trunkproximal: general term meaning nearer to the attachment to the trunkventral: the front ofdorsal: the back of inferior: general term meaning lower than superior: general term meaning higher thanlateral: general term meaning farther from midline of the body or body partmedial: general term meaning nearer to midline of the body or body partprone: the whole body is lying face down supine: the whole body is lying face upasymmetrical: not the same on both sidesbilateral: present on both sidessymmetrical: the same on both sidesBody Area (Regional Anatomy) Terminologyabdominal: abdomen inguinal: groinacromial: point of shoulder lumbar: lower backaxillary: armpit nasal: nosebrachial: arm occipital: back of headbuccal: cheek oral: mouthcarpal: wrist area orbital: eye areacaudal: tail otic: earcervical: neck palmar: the palm of the handcoxal: hip patellar: front of kneecranial: head pectoral: chestcubital: elbow pedal: footdigital: fingers or toes plantar: the sole of the footdorsum: back of torso or the top of foot popliteal: back of kneefemoral: thigh sacral: below the low backfrontal: forehead sternal: center chestgluteal: buttocks tarsal: foot areaumbilical: navel (belly button) vertebral: spinal column, center of backIntroduction: Skeletal System The skeletal system can be divided into two parts:1. Axial Skeleton: bones in the head(skull), neck(cervical vertebrae), and trunk(ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum)2. Appendicular Skeleton: bones in the limbs/extremities. These bones are attached the axialskeleton through the:a. Shoulder Girdleb. Pelvic GirdleBones- Living organs containing four tissue types- Primarily connective tissue- Extracellular matrix is sturdy and rigid- strengthened by calcification: minerals deposited in the matrix (main store and source of Calcium and Phosphate) Function of Bones1. Protection for the internal organs.2. Storage of minerals. (calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium)3. Production of blood cells (called hemopoiesis).4. Support for soft tissues.5. Lever systems for movement.Classification of Bones1. Long bones a. greater length than width2. Short bones a. nearly equal length and width3. Flat bones a. thin surfaces4. Irregular bones a. other/complex shapes 5. Sesmoid (patella)Bone Growth• Removal exceeds remodeling = weakness• Remodeling exceeds removal = strengthGross Anatomy of Long Bones1. Diaphysis a. elongated, usually cylindrical, shaft b. The medullary cavity contains marrow, and is surrounded by a thin connective layer called endosteum which is enclosed by compact bone and covered by two protective layers called periosteum.i. Medullary cavity contains (Red/Yellow) Bone Marrow:1. Blood cells2. Blood Platelets3. Stem Cells (form all the elements found in the blood)c. Periosteum • Dense Fibrous connective tissue• Sleeve-like• covers external surfaces of bones• does not cover articular cartilages• acts as anchor for blood vessels and nerves 1. Nutrition of the bone via blood vessels through a landmark called the nutrient foramen2. Diametric (width) bone growth which critical for healing fractures3. Protection through nervous sensations of mechanical stress or impact.2. Epiphyses a. knobby, enlarged regions at endsb. strengthen jointsc. attachment site for tendons/ligamentsd. production of red blood cells3. Metaphyses a. between diaphysis and epiphysisb.