Human PhysiologyExam 2 Spring 2014 1. Neuroglial cells that regulate neurotransmitter metabolism and capillary permeability are:a. neurolemmacytes b. astrocytes c. oligodendrocytes d. neurons 2. The portion of the nervous system concerned with afferent input from skeletal muscle is:a. visceral sensory b. somatic motor c. somatosensory d. propriosensory3 Light adaptation of the eye occurs due to:a .a decrease in the active photo pigment b. an increase in active photopigmentc. a shift to using rod cells d. a shift to using cone cells. e both b and c4. A Na+/ K+ ATPase on a neuron membrane acts to:a. create ion gradients necessary for creating a membrane potentialb. creates most of the charge difference across the membranec. moves 3 K+ out of the cell for every 2 Na+ into the celld. all of the above5. An inhibitory graded potential could be produced by opening which channel?a. Na+b. Cl - c. K+d. either b or c 6. Opening Ca++ channels during a resting potential would results in:a. a depolarization b. a hyperpolarization c. repolarization d. both a and c7. Which is true of a graded potential?a. can be a depolarization b. can be a hyperpolarizationc. size dependent on stimulus size d. decremental propagation e. all of the above 8. Which is true of an action potential?a. it is a depolarization b. it opens voltage gated channels along an axonc. it is may be inhibitory d. typically initiated by a graded potential e. a, b and d9. Increased stimulus size can result in:a. decreased size of graded potential b. opening more Na+ channelsc. increased frequency of action potentials d. all of the above10. Which of the following is a type of graded potential?a. IPSP b. threshold potential c. receptor potential d. all of the above11. Myelination in the central nervous system:a. is a continuous layer b. is a single layerc. is broken by “nodes” of exposed plasma membrane d. conducts the membrane potential12. Which of the following are neuropeptides?a. endogenous opiates b. substance P c. serotonin d. both a and b13. In smooth muscle:a. stretch can initiate a contraction b. Ca that initiates a contraction is primarily from extracellular sourcesc. at rest myosin is in a nonenergized state d. all of the above14. Calcium released from the lateral sacs moves into the:a. cytosol b. T tubule c. sarcoplasmic reticulum d. increase in cytosolic K levels15. Smooth muscle does not show fatigue primarily because:a. it has a rich blood supply b. it has lots of myoglobinc. it has a slow rate of contraction d. all of the above16. Autonomic preganglionic neurons release:a. acetylcholine b. norepinephrine c. nicotine d. both a and c e. nicotinic receptors17. Which of the following release substance P?a first order neurons in the pain pathway b. second order neuron in the pain pathwayc. descending neurons that end in the CNS d. somatic motor neurons18. The dendrites of postganglionic autonomic neurons have:a. opiate receptors b. muscarinic receptors c. nicotinic receptors d. alpha or beta receptors19. Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Administering atropine could: a. increase contraction of smooth muscle b. decrease acetylcholine breakdownc. increase acetylcholine binding to skeletal muscle d. inhibit cardiac muscle20. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as the “nerve gas” Sarin and some insecticides are potent toxins. Treatment of patients exposed to these poisons could include administering:a. atropine (see question #19) b. a benzodiazepine (GABA receptor agonist in somatic motor pathways) c. nicotine d. both a and b e. All of the above21. Which receptor(s) would be found on lacrimal (tear) glands?a. nicotinic and muscarinic b alpha and beta c. beta d. alpha and muscarinic 22. Spatial summation is a characteristic of ?a. action potentials b. graded potentials c. skeletal muscle d. smooth muscle e. more than one of these23. Which receptor type is a ligand gated ion channel?a. alpha adrenergic b. beta adrenergic c. muscarinic d. nicotinic24. The precursor to serotonin is:a. tyrosine b. dopamine c. tryptophan d. choline25. Which is not true of the fovea of the retina?a. provides greatest sensitivity b. provides the greatest visual acuityc. contains mostly cone cells d. has highest density of receptors26. Monoamine oxidase acts to:a. break down acetylcholine b. break down norepinephrinec. decrease serotonin reuptake d. inhibit neurotransmitter release27. Which of the following would increase synaptic effectiveness ?a. presence of an agonist b. decreased neurotransmitter degradationc. upregulation of receptors d. all of the above28. Some sympathetic postganglionic neurons release nitric oxide (NO). NO receptors on the smooth muscleof small arteries in the limbs would act to:a. promote glycogen storage b. promote fat breakdownc. contract the smooth muscle to decrease blood flow d. relax the smooth muscle to increase blood flow29. Which of the following respond most strongly when the stimulus is first applied and when it is removed?a. nociceptors b. proprioceptors c. smell d. both a and b30. Low myosin ATPase activity primarily influences which characteristic of skeletal muscle?a. contraction speed b. contraction strength c. fatigability d. coordination of contraction31. Decreased sensory acuity is most likely due to: a. receptors with thresholds close to resting b. receptors with thresholds close to 0c. increased density of receptors d. decreased density of receptors32. Mechanoreceptors with stereocilia (hair cells) are found in the:a. cochlea b. vestibule c. semicircular canals d. all of the above33. A glass of ice water on a hot summer day and a similar glass of ice water on a cold winter day may be significantly different sensory experiences. This is primarily due to differences in:a. sensitivity b. sensation c. perspective d. perception34. Which of the following structures can act to help produce a sharp image on the retina?a. cornea b. lens c. iris d. all of the above35 . Somatic motor control is dependent on information from:a. proprioceptors b. retina c. vestibular apparatus d. all of the above36. Energizing the myosin head in skeletal muscle is a result of:a. binding of Ca b. binding of ATPc. release of ADP and P d. breakdown of ATP37. Cross bridge inhibition fatigue is caused by :a. failure to bind ATP b. binding of ATP c. failure to release of ADP d. ion imbalances38. The period of