Human Physiology Exam 2 Spring 2014 1 Neuroglial cells that regulate neurotransmitter metabolism and capillary permeability are a neurolemmacytes b astrocytes c oligodendrocytes d neurons 2 The portion of the nervous system concerned with afferent input from skeletal muscle is a visceral sensory b somatic motor c somatosensory d propriosensory 3 Light adaptation of the eye occurs due to a a decrease in the active photo pigment c a shift to using rod cells b an increase in active photopigment d a shift to using cone cells e both b and c 4 A Na K ATPase on a neuron membrane acts to a create ion gradients necessary for creating a membrane potential b creates most of the charge difference across the membrane c moves 3 K out of the cell for every 2 Na into the cell d all of the above 5 An inhibitory graded potential could be produced by opening which channel a Na b Cl c K d either b or c 6 Opening Ca channels during a resting potential would results in a a depolarization b a hyperpolarization c repolarization d both a and c 7 Which is true of a graded potential a can be a depolarization b can be a hyperpolarization c size dependent on stimulus size d decremental propagation e all of the above 8 Which is true of an action potential a it is a depolarization b it opens voltage gated channels along an axon c it is may be inhibitory d typically initiated by a graded potential e a b and d 9 Increased stimulus size can result in a decreased size of graded potential c increased frequency of action potentials b opening more Na channels d all of the above 10 Which of the following is a type of graded potential a IPSP b threshold potential c receptor potential d all of the above 11 Myelination in the central nervous system a is a continuous layer c is broken by nodes of exposed plasma membrane b is a single layer d conducts the membrane potential 12 Which of the following are neuropeptides a endogenous opiates b substance P c serotonin d both a and b 13 In smooth muscle a stretch can initiate a contraction b Ca that initiates a contraction is primarily from extracellular sources c at rest myosin is in a nonenergized state d all of the above 14 Calcium released from the lateral sacs moves into the a cytosol b T tubule c sarcoplasmic reticulum d increase in cytosolic K levels 15 Smooth muscle does not show fatigue primarily because a it has a rich blood supply b it has lots of myoglobin c it has a slow rate of contraction d all of the above 16 Autonomic preganglionic neurons release a acetylcholine b norepinephrine c nicotine d both a and c e nicotinic receptors 17 Which of the following release substance P a first order neurons in the pain pathway c descending neurons that end in the CNS b second order neuron in the pain pathway d somatic motor neurons 18 The dendrites of postganglionic autonomic neurons have a opiate receptors b muscarinic receptors c nicotinic receptors d alpha or beta receptors 19 Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist Administering atropine could a increase contraction of smooth muscle b decrease acetylcholine breakdown c increase acetylcholine binding to skeletal muscle d inhibit cardiac muscle 20 Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as the nerve gas Sarin and some insecticides are potent toxins Treatment of patients exposed to these poisons could include administering a atropine see question 19 b a benzodiazepine GABA receptor agonist in somatic motor pathways c nicotine d both a and b e All of the above 21 Which receptor s would be found on lacrimal tear glands a nicotinic and muscarinic b alpha and beta c beta d alpha and muscarinic 22 Spatial summation is a characteristic of a action potentials b graded potentials c skeletal muscle d smooth muscle e more than one of these 23 Which receptor type is a ligand gated ion channel a alpha adrenergic b beta adrenergic 24 The precursor to serotonin is a tyrosine b dopamine c tryptophan 25 Which is not true of the fovea of the retina a provides greatest sensitivity c contains mostly cone cells 26 Monoamine oxidase acts to a break down acetylcholine c decrease serotonin reuptake c muscarinic d nicotinic d choline b provides the greatest visual acuity d has highest density of receptors b break down norepinephrine d inhibit neurotransmitter release 27 Which of the following would increase synaptic effectiveness a presence of an agonist b decreased neurotransmitter degradation c upregulation of receptors d all of the above 28 Some sympathetic postganglionic neurons release nitric oxide NO NO receptors on the smooth muscle of small arteries in the limbs would act to a promote glycogen storage b promote fat breakdown c contract the smooth muscle to decrease blood flow d relax the smooth muscle to increase blood flow 29 Which of the following respond most strongly when the stimulus is first applied and when it is removed a nociceptors b proprioceptors c smell d both a and b 30 Low myosin ATPase activity primarily influences which characteristic of skeletal muscle a contraction speed b contraction strength c fatigability d coordination of contraction 31 Decreased sensory acuity is most likely due to a receptors with thresholds close to resting b receptors with thresholds close to 0 c increased density of receptors d decreased density of receptors 32 Mechanoreceptors with stereocilia hair cells are found in the a cochlea b vestibule c semicircular canals d all of the above 33 A glass of ice water on a hot summer day and a similar glass of ice water on a cold winter day may be significantly different sensory experiences This is primarily due to differences in a sensitivity b sensation c perspective d perception 34 Which of the following structures can act to help produce a sharp image on the retina a cornea b lens c iris d all of the above 35 Somatic motor control is dependent on information from a proprioceptors b retina c vestibular apparatus d all of the above 36 Energizing the myosin head in skeletal muscle is a result of a binding of Ca b binding of ATP c release of ADP and P d breakdown of ATP 37 Cross bridge inhibition fatigue is caused by a failure to bind ATP b binding of ATP c failure to release of ADP d ion imbalances 38 The period of time when an axon is in the process of repolarization is called a recruitment period b relative refractory period c after hyperpolarization d absolute refractory period 39 Asynchronous recruitment is acting on a ryanodine receptors b vesicles in the synaptic bulb that contain acetylcholine c