RELS 317 1nd EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 8- 10KEY TERMSIbn Sina: Stressed the importance of gaining knowledge and based a theory of knowledge of on four criteria: sense perception, retention, imagination, and estimation. Muezzin: The person appointed at a mosque to lead, and recite, the call to prayer five times a day Wudu: Washing body parts using water in preparation for formal prayers as well as before reading the Qur’an Minaret: means “lighthouse”; a distinctive architectural feature of mosques; tall spires with an onion-shaped topMihrab: a semicircular niche in a wall of a mosque that indicates the qiblaQibla: It indicates which direction Muslims should pray during salat; this is found within a qiblaEid ul-Fitr: “Festival of breaking of the fast”; marks the end of RamadanHajj: Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca; a mandatory religious duty which is indicated in the five pillars of IslamTariqah: a school of Sufism; the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of SufismAl-Ghazali: considered to be a renewer of the Islam faith; considered to be the most influential Muslim after MuhammedDhikr: The equivalent of a rosary in the Catholic tradition; a religious exercise in which short prayers are repeatedFana: The Sufi term for “passing away”; a break down of an individual’s Sufism: Islamic Mysticism; “life-giving core of Islam”Great Western Transmutation: changed European society from thinking traditionally to rationallyWesternization: a process in which societies come to adopt Western culture Madhists: Believes in the coming of a messiah that will judge the world at the end of timeSayid Ahmed Khan: a social activist in India; promoted Western-style scientific education because he felt that Muslims felt threatened by the strictness of IslamMuhammad Abduh: an Egyptian reformer; felt that Islam should remain very conservative and looked down upon any contemporary viewsTalfiq: To follow more than one opinion of different Imams Ijtihad: “independent reasoning”; the decision-making process in Islamic law through personal effortSalafiyyah: Zia Gokalp: a Turkish sociologist; a Turkish nationalist Mustafa Kemal: created Kemalism  a philosophy that began the transition between multi-religious, multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire into TurkeyWahhabism: ultra-conservative form of IslamHasan al-Banna: Founded the Muslim Brotherhood and since has had a huge influence on Islamic thoughtSayyid Qutb: a leading member of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and was convicted of plotting the assassination of the Egyptian President, Gamal Abdel NasserAyatollah: “sign of Allah”; a high-ranking title given to experts in Islamic studies in regards to ethics and philosophyFatima Mernissi: an Islamic feminist who analyzes women’s role in Islam Amina Wadud: an Islamic feminist noted for suggesting women as imamsHijab: a head scarf worn my Muslim women as a symbol of modestyMalcolm X: an American activist who was a member of Black Muslims and led the US Black civil rights leader The Green Book: Written by Muammar Qaddafi; a guide to Islamic socialismMuammar Qaddafi: Ruled Libya; gave himself more power by de-emphasizing the Sunna and emphasizing the Qur’an- Qur’an is more broad & sunna is more specificFundamentalism: the belief in upholding the strict and literal interpretation of any type of scriptureSword Verse: Violent verses within the Qur’an that describe the killing of nonbelieversKey Themes from Films/DocumentariesSufi Soul: The Mystical Music of Islam- The film shows Sufis gathering around in a circle and listening to entrancing music, all around theworld the gatherings are similar and they are all interconnected by music- Sufis justify their gatherings as Islamic because it connects them to other Sufis, even though there may be a language barrier, music connects them all- Westerners find this music compelling because it is easily mixable into electronic music and it is very trancelikeMe and the Mosque- The filmmaker decides to travel to different mosques in hopes to find that mosques are not separating women from the rest of the prayer space- Her mosque used to have men and women pray together, now it is starting to separate the women from the men- The filmmaker is trying to make the point that Muslim women had more rights when the religionwas starting up because their opinion was valued. And it is not so much todayGod and Man- Nasr argues that the science in the West is corrupting Islam and all other world religions. He saysthis because scientists are busy trying to find evidence for things that are unexplainable- He proposes that there should be a happy medium between science and religion with science not over-stepping