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VCU RELS 317 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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RELS 317 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 5-7KEY TERMSAnsar: helpers of the Prophet, suggested a leader in Mecca and another leader outside of Mecca to become Muhammed’s successor Caliph: The spiritual leader of IslamRashidun: The collective term used when describing the first four caliphs Murjiites: an Islam sect that believed that only God had the authority to judge who was a true Muslim or notMongols: Sunni IslamsCordoba: The capital of Umayyad Spain, a grand capital when the rest of the world was experiencing turmoil, many Muslim scholars lived in this area and served as a bridge to linking Greek philosophySaladin: Led the Muslim opposition to the European Crusaders in Levant; a leader who was known for his peacefulness in conquering, had a philosophy that conquering should not be violentGunpowder Empires: Three empires: Islamic Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires. They all expanded with newly developed firearms ie. Cannons and small arms to create empiresWahhabism: an “ultraconservative” form of Sunni Islam to restore monotheistic worshipFitna: “Civil Strife” 3 responses to fitna: Duty of bringing bad Muslims to justice, Ahl as-sunnah wa’l-jama’ah & Shi’atu Ali (The split of Islam creating Sunnis and Shi’ites), & KharijitesKharijites: Emphasized the strict adherence to Muslim principles of conduct and allowing the killing of anyone seriously violating those principlesHusayn: Muhammed’s second grandson, the third Imam Imam: infallible spiritual and political leader; almost like the PopeJihad: a war or struggle against nonbelieversMahdi: the redeemer of Islam that will rule before the Day of Judgment and will rid the world ofevil; an eschatological figureZaydis: a member of a Shi’te sectIsma’ilis: A Shi’ite sect who believed that Ismail, son of the 6th imam, was the rightful seventh imamAga Khan: a hereditary title given to the ImamAssassins: an order of Nizari Ismailis who were used in the Crusades Qiyas: when teachings of the Hadith are compared and contrasted with the Qur’an; rejected by the Sunnis as a form of lawmakingIjtihad: Used in Islamic law that describes the process of making a legal decision by independentinterpretation of the Qur’an and Sunnah Madhhab: meaning “to take as a way”; represents the entire school of thought of a particular mujtahid Imam5 Categories of Shariah: The permitted (Mubah), the recommended (Mustahab), the disapproved but not unlawful (Makruh), the Forbidden (Muharam), and the Obligatory (The Wajib)Al-Shafi’i: A Muslim jurist; one of the four great Imams who emphasized juridical mattersKalam: A school of philosophical theology that emphasized that God had the final word and the freedom of will existedFiqh: Islamic law; an understanding of IslamFatwa: an Islamic religious ruling; usually issued by religious authorityAl-Ma’mun: known for attempting to end sect rivalry and implementing a rationalist Muslim creedBayt al-Hikma: “House of Wisdom”; considered to be the first university in the world which was established by caliph al-Ma’munMu’azilites: A school of Islamic theology based upon reason and rational thought and argued how important it was to use reasonAl-Ash’ari: a school of Islamic theology that was established by Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Ash’ari; combined rationalist methodology with orthodox IslamFalsafa: “Islamic philosophy”; a period known as the Islamic Golden and the achievements of this period influenced modern philosophy and scienceIbn-Sina: a Persian philosopher; considered one of the greatest scholars in history and the fatherof early modern medicine; founded the philosophical school of AvicennismAl-Khwarizmi: a famous scholar in the House of Wisdom; known for his work in numbers especially in AlgebraKEY THEMES FROM READINGSCh 4: The term “holy war” comes from the Christian Crusaders and it is not the proper definitionof jihad. Jihad means “a struggle” and it is referring to the struggle of souls to overcome sin thatkeeps one away from God. War, according to the Quran is NEVER holy and the definition of jihadis best described as “just war theory.” Ch. 6: It is rather difficult for to integrate the views of the Shariah with modern philosophy and human rights. This is because Islamic states have only three options to include the Shariah into its legal systems. These options include: accepting the Shariah as a legitimate source of civil law, it can apply the Shariah to the state without changing it, or it can fuse the values of the Shariah with modern principles (Aslan).Ch. 7: The Shiites believed that only heirs of Ali, the 4th caliph, are the legitimate successors of Muhammed, whereas the Sunnis believe that the first four caliphs are legitimate successors to Muhammed. Shiites KEY THEMES FROM FILMS/DOCUMENTARIESEmpire of Faith: - Saladin’s role was a very peaceful conqueror and had a philosophy of not destroying and looting, he made sure that villages were in tact and overkilling was not an option.An Islamic Conscience: the Aga Khan and the Ismailis- Aga Khan acts the same way the Pope does in the Catholic Church. He has a great influence on the religious community and some are brought to tears when they are met. - The Aga Khan supports women and their pursuit in education, they are seen as equals with men.Science and Islam: The Language of Science- Al-Khwarizmi has contributed greatly to the field of mathematics with him being the founding father of Algebra. Avicenna has contributed greatly to early medicine.- Al-Ma’mun collected many books to start his library which would later be known as the House of


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VCU RELS 317 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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