Mountainous RegionsSALT CRYSTAL GROWTH- Water trickles down into the rocks, EVAPORATES, and salt crystals form.Ex. Rocky seashores, and arid regionsUNLOADING- overlying material is ERODED away, PRESSURE DECREASES, and the ROCK EXPANDS.Ex. Plutonic igneous rocksEXFOLIATION- (SHEETING)Ex. Half Dome Yosemite National ParkWhat factors control rate of weathering?Rock PropertiesHARDNESS, COMPOSITION, SOLUBILITY, ZONES OF WEAKNESSClimateWide variations in TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE--ACCELERATE weatheringHIGH TEMP & RAINFALL=FAST WEATHERINGSoil & VegetationExposes rocks to VARIATIONS of MOISTURE AND CHEMICALSLength of ExposureClimate affect the development of soil?Temperature and PrecipitationACCELERATES CHEMICAL WEATHERINGHIGH TEMP & RAINFALL=FAST WEATHERINGLeast Developed SoilSLOPESThickest accumulation of Organic MatterRAINFORESTCHAPTER 6What is Sediment & Where does it come from?Sedimentary rocks= 75% of the LAND SURFACEProduces soil for GROWING FOOD and FORESTSSCULPTS and MODIFIES the Earth’s surface3 CLASSES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSCLASTIC- classified by TEXTURE (size, shape and arrangements of sediment)Siltstone, Mudstone, Shale, Sandstone, and ConglomerateMOST ABUNDANTCHEMICAL- composed of MINERALS PRECIPITATED OUT OF SOLUTION (SALT EVAPORATING)EVAPORITE- OCEAN or CONTINENTBIOCHEMICAL- comprised of the REMAINS OF ORGANISMS (plants & animals)Shallow Marine(LIMESTONE) –SWAMP(COAL)TexturesPARTICLE SIZE- CLAY-SILT-SAND-GRAVELSHAPEANGULAR to WELL ROUNDEDSmoothing of fragmentsSORTING- are particles about the same size?WELL SORTED=SAME SIZEDPOORLY SORTED=MIX OF GRAIN SIZEANGULAR=LESS TRANSPORTROUNDED=MORE TRANSPORTMORE TRANSPORT=SMALLER & BETTER SORTEDAGENT OF TRANSPORTWINDMOST SELECTIVEWELL SORTEDSAND, SILT, DUSTEx. DesertsWATERSorting VariedFAST CURRENT=COARSE MATERIALSLOW CURRENT=SILT/MUDDEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS (OCEAN, LAKE, STREAMS/RIVERS)ICELEAST SELECTIVEPOORLY SORTEDLack of beddingSEDIMENTARY STRUCTURESBEDDING (Stratification)Parallel Layers (Beds)Layers of sediment deposited HORIZONTALLY (OLDEST BOTTOM, YOUNGEST TOP)CROSS-BEDDINGBedded sediments at an ANGLE (cross hatch)Deposited by CURRENTS (WIND/WATER)Ex. DunesINDICATES DIRECTION OF CURRENTGRADED BEDDINGBeds progress from COARSE GRAINS AT BOTTOM to FINE GRAINS AT TOPINDICATES WANING OF CURRENTRIPPLE MARKSWavy lines formed ON TOP OF BED—SAND/SILT BY WAVES OR CURRENTSSHORELINESWATERLithificationHARDENING of SOFT SEDIMENTS INTO ROCKCOMPACTION- pore space volume is reduced due to weight of overlying sedimentCEMENTATION- chemically precipitated minerals into pore spacesCHAPTER 7Controlling Factors of MetamorphismTEMPERATUREPRESSUREFLUIDS- hot water can transport ions (CHEMICAL WEATHERING)MAIN TYPES OF METAMORPHISMCONTACTHEAT from rising IGNEOUS INTRUSIONSLOW-HIGH TEMPLOW PRESSURECONVERGENT BOUNDARIES/HOT SPOTSREGIONALDEEP BURIAL or TECTONIC FORCE that INCREASE TEMP or PRESSURELOW-HIGH TEMPLOW-HIGH PRESSUREMOST COMMONCONVERGENT BOUNDARIES (COMPRESSION)—FOLIATED ROCKSFoliationSize of CrystalsSEGREGATED IN DIFFERENT MINERAL BANDSDIRECTED PRESSUREMORE METAMORPHISM=MORE CRYSTALS/FOLIATIONSLATE—VERY FINEPHYLLITE—FINESCHIST—COARSEGNEISS—COARSE—MINERALS IN BANDSMIGMATITE—PART IGNEOUS/METAMORPHICRecrystallization- CRYSTALS can GROW LARGER or CHANGE SHAPEParent RocksQUARTZITE—SANDSTONEMARBLE—LIMESTONEHORNSFELS—MUDSTONECOAL—COMPRESSED ORGANICSIndex MineralsCharacteristic minerals that DEFINE METAMORPHIC ZONES formed under a RESTRICTED RANGE OF TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURESEx. GARNETUSE TO DETERMINE TEMP & PRESS CONDITIONS WHEN METAMORPHIC ROCKS FORMEDHigh Grade vs. Low Grade MetamorphismHIGH GRADE- HIGH PRESSURE/HIGH TEMPERATURELOW GRADE- LOW PRESSURE/LOW TEMPERATURECHAPTER 10Relative Dating- rocks in correct order of ages without really knowing their agePHYSICAL RELATIONSHIPS btwn. rock units based on stratiographyStratiography- the description, correlation and classification of strata in sedimentary rocksFormation- series of ROCK LAYERS in a region that has SIMILAR PROPERTIES, may contain the SAME FOSSILS and mapped as unitAbsolute Dating- Provides age in yearsPRINCIPLES OF RELATIVE AGE DATING1. ORIGINAL HORIZONTALLY- sediments deposited in HORIZONTAL BEDSif not horizontal=TECTONIC FORCE2. SUPERPOSITION- in undisturbed sequence, each LAYER IS YOUNGER THAN THE ONE BENEATH IT and OLDER THAN ONE ABOVE3. FAUNAL SUCCESSION- FOSSILS as TIMEPIECESINDEX FOSSILS USED TO CORRELATE ROCKS from DIFF. LOCATIONS4. UNCONFORMITIES- markers of missing timeDISCONFORMITIES- an UNCONFORMITY WHICH ROCKS ABOVE/BELOW are PARALLELANGULAR UNCONFORMITY- FOLDING/UPLIFTINGNONCONFORMITY- SEDIMENTARY in contact w/ CRYSTALLINE IGNEOUS OR METAMORPHIC ROCKSIndex FossilsLived for SHORT GEOLOGIC TIME PERIOD (1,000s to 100,000s)UNIQUE, EASILY IDENTIFIEDABUNDANTGeologic Time ScaleEONSPhanerozoic- LAST 543 million yearsERASCenozoic- RECENT LIFE—mammals (0-65 my)Mesozoic- MIDDLE LIFE—Dinosaurs, first mammal life (65-251 my)Paleozoic- ANCIENT LIFE—Hardshell sea animalsPrecambrian- from birth of Earth—jellyfish, etc.CHAPTER 9 & INTERLUDE FTYPES OF STRESS- force acting on the rockCOMPRESSION- rocks COMPRESSED or PUSHED TOGETHERCONVERGENT BOUNDARIESReverse Dip-Slip FaultsTENSION- rocks PULLED APART AWAY FROM EACH OTHERDIVERGENT BOUNDARIESNormal Dip-Slip FaultsSHEAR- rocks SHIFT PAST ONE ANOTHER HORIZONTALLYTRANSFORM FAULTSStrike-Slip FaultsTYPES OF STRAIN- results in change in shape or volumeELASTIC DEFORMATIONTEMPORARY STRAINGoes back to original form when stress is releasedBRITTLE FAILUREPERMANENT STRAINCRACKS or FRACTURESPLASTIC DEFORMATIONPERMANENT STRAINFLOWS or BENDSTYPES OF FOLDSYNCLINEDOWN ARCHED “U” SHAPE (tension)YOUNGEST ROCKS IN CENTERANTICLINEUP ARCHED “n” SHAPE (compression)OLDEST ROCKS IN CENTERFold ShapesSymmetrical- beds have SAME DIP in each LIMBAsymmetrical- beds have DIFFERENT DIP in each LIMBOverturned- SAME DIP in each LIMB due to OVERTURNAppalachian MountainsCONVERGENT BOUNDARY, ANTICLINE, COMPRESSIONHimalayasCONVERGENT BOUNDARY, ANTICLINE, COMPRESSIONBasin and Range MountainsDIVERGENT BOUNDARY, BASIN/DOME, TENSIONSTRIKE & DIPHow OIL & GAS form?Forms from the ACCUMULATION OF ORGANIC MATTER on the SEA FLOORSEDIMENTATION RATE is HIGHLOW OXYGEN SUPPLY=ORGANIC MATTER DOES NOT DECOMPOSEINCREASED TEMP & PRESS=CHEMICAL REACTIONSGas TrapsAnticline TrapFault TrapExam 3 Study GuideChapter 13Mass Wasting- processes that transport large quantities of Earth material down slope due to gravityGravity is controlling forceFactors that