Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Geology- Understand the application of the scientific method. What are the different steps taken using the scientific method?- What is the principal of uniformitarianism and how is it applied by geologists?- Understand the general concepts of how the elements were formed (nucleosynthesis), ex. Were heavy or light elements formed during supernovas?- Formation of Earth’s moon- The Earth began to differentiate forming a stratified Earth. How does density change with depth? What are these zones? (not necessary to memorize depths) How are these zones grouped? Which one makes up the tectonic plates? Which zones are strong or brittle? Which are weak or ductile?- Age of the Earth. Age of the Universe.- How did the Earth’s continents, atmosphere and oceans form? o Continents  form from the lighter molten materials rising to the surface solidified as it coolso Oceans and Atmosphere  resulted from impact of volatile-rich matter striking the Earth from pace after it was formed resulted from volatile tied up in planetesimals which formed the Earth. Volatiles released by volcanism. - The Earth’s core produces heat. What are the two sources of the heat?Chapter 2 – Plate Tectonics- What is the continental drift hypothesis as advanced by Alfred Wegner? What evidence did he use to support his hypothesis? With so much evidence why was itnot elevated to a theory, i.e. what were some of the problems? What is Pangea? - What evidence was found that supported sea floor spreading? - What is Plate Tectonics? What is the primary driving force behind it?- What is the “Ring of Fire”? What relevance does it have to plate tectonics?- What type of plate boundaries do earthquakes occur at? What type of plate boundaries do volcanoes occur at? - The three main types of plate tectonic boundaries and any subdivisions of each. What are the plate motions relative to each other? What are the stresses associated with each? Are there any features associated with these boundaries (mid-ocean ridge, trench, subduction zone, rift, volcanoes)? - What causes the plates to move? - Identify the plate tectonic settings for real world examples of the different types ofplate boundaries and hot spots.- The oldest ocean crust dates to about 200 million years and the oldest continental crust dates to about 4 billion years. Why is there such a big difference? What type of plate is destroyed at some convergent plate margins?- What determines which plate will subduct? What is flux melting? What type of crust is destroyed at plate margins where flux melting occurs? Is any new crust created? What happens to the subducted plate?- What is decompression melting and where would this occur at? What type of crust forms there?- How is new continental crust created? What type of plate tectonic boundary(s) is continental crust created at?- What are hot spots? Where would you find them? Be familiar with how to tell the direction of plate motion using hot spot paths and volcano age dates.- What is the fate of western California – What do some geologist hypothesis will happen to the portion west of the plate boundary that runs through most of California?- How fast do plates move? cm/yr, m/yr, or km/yr?Chapter 3 - Minerals- What is a mineral?o Inorganic, homogenous, - What is an isotope?- Understand what chemical bonding is and the difference between ionic and covalent bonding. What type of bonding is stronger? What type of bonding do you find in diamonds?- How do minerals form? What determines which minerals will form at a given location? What conditions cause minerals to form? Examples were given in lecture: evaporates, hydrothermal fluids, minerals formed by metamorphism, and volcanism. You should be able to explain that evaporate deposits form because the ions that are present in the solution are concentrated by evaporation of the liquid which results in the precipitation of minerals (ex. Halite – rock salt)- Be familiar with the mineral properties (color, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, density, crystal habit, & special properties) and how these properties canbe used to identify minerals.- What are mineral polymorphs? What are the polymorphs of carbon? (discussed in class)o A mineral that has the same chemistry but has a different crystalline structure.- What is the most abundant mineral group in the crust? The silicate mineral group (and therefore igneous rocks composed of silicates) is based on the crystal structure. What is this structure (the building block of silicate minerals)? How areatoms arranged in this structure? Are there other mineral groups besides the silicates? What are some of them?- What are some of the characteristics of gems, i.e. How is a corundum mineral different than a ruby?- Where do diamonds come from? How do they get to the surface of the Earth? What is the hardness of diamonds (using the Moh’s hardness scale)?Chapter 4 – Igneous Rocks- What are the three main rock types and what processes (melting, weathering, and metamorphism) cause them to form? Think rock cycle.- What is the most abundant rock type in the Earth’s crust? What is the most abundant rock type we find on the land surface? - What is the most abundant rock in oceanic crust?- How are igneous rocks formed? What are the two types of igneous rocks? How does the location where they cool affect the speed of cooling and crystal size?- Understand and be able to use (or recognize in slides) the following terms: plutonic, volcanic, intrusive, extrusive, aphanitic, phaneritic, porphyritic, pegmatitic, glassy, vesicular, pyroclastic. What does each texture indicate about the rate of cooling?- Where (in terms of plate tectonic settings) are magmas generated? How do rocks melt (3 ways)? Give an example of a plate tectonic setting that corresponds to each type of melting. What type of magma is produced in Hawaii, Yellowstone, Cascades, Andes?- Hot spots can cause magma to form away from plate boundaries. How does the type of melted crust affect the composition of the magma?- Igneous rocks are classified based on silica composition. What are the four composition groups? What is the relative melting temperature order for the compositional groups? How do Fe-Mg and Si-Na-K vary in the groups? What minerals would you expect to see in rocks created from Mafic and