NSG 411 1st EditionExam # 3 Study GuideTest 3 Study Guide Community #1 Leading causes of death (2010)- What are the top three? 1.) Diseases of the heart 2.) Malignant neoplasms 3.) cerebrovascular diseases - Are you surprised by any of these? - An interesting note: between 210,000 and 440,000 patients each year who go to the hospital forcare suffer some type of preventable harm that contributes to their death – this would make thisthe third cause of death in the U.S.#2 Life expectancy- What is it? The average number of years that an individual member of a specific cohort (usually a single birth year)is projected to live. It is another standard measurement that is used to compare the health status of various populations, typically calculated from age specific death rates. - How has it changed in the past 100 years? The life expectancy has increased consistently overtime - How large is the gender-related gap? The latest gender gap (2007) is 5 years, women tend to live on average 5 more years than men- How does the U.S. compare to other countries? Japan reports the highest life expectancy of (86 for woman and 79.2 for males). Overall US has one of the lowest life expectancies. But in all countries the life expectancy for woman is higher than for men.- Another interesting note: remember from our content on vulnerable populations – there is a five year difference between white and black populations in the U.S.#3 Health promotion for diseases of the heart- What are the major risk factors? Can be separated into categories (personal and hereditary): Personal risk factors = gender, age, race/ethnicity, cholesterol levels, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, high blood pressure & cigarette smoking. The most modifiable of these are cholesterol, high BP, smoking, obesity & physical inactivity. Hereditary obviously cannot be changed, the likelihood of heart disease or stroke multiplies with the increasing number of risk factors present. CVD affects more women than men, and has a higher incidence rate in African Americans than Whites.- List 1 community health intervention for each level of prevention that could alter these risk factors or improve health. (This information is not in your text…. Think about it – you know them from Adult Health.)Primary- health teaching about weight loss, smoking cessation, and a healthier dietSecondary-case finding those who are already at risk for CVD can be screened for HTN and high cholesterolTertiary- those who already have CVD nurses can work with them about changing their life style to make their health the best it possibly can be, and educating them on taking their medications properly and a healthier diet.#4 Health promotion for lung and colon cancer- What are the major risk factors for each? African Americans are more likely to be diagnosed with cancer and die from cancer. Men in the US are more likely to develop and die from cancer than women. Cancer is caused by internal and external factors. External include: tobacco and alcohol use, chemicals and radiation, infectious organisms, and poor lifestyle choices. Internal factors: inherited gene mutations, hormones, immune conditions, and gene mutations that occur from metabolism. 1/3rd of cancer deaths are related to overweight or obesity, physical inactivity, and poor nutrition. At least half of all new cancers can be prevented or detected. Lung Cancer: number one cause of cancer deaths. More women have died each year from lung cancer than from breast cancer. Smoking is obviously the most predominant risk factor. Quantityof cigarettes smoked and the number of years of smoking increases an individual’s risk of developing lung cancer. Other risk factors include occupational or environmental exposure to secondhand smoke, radon, asbestos, genetic susceptibility and history of TB. Colon & rectal cancers: third most common cancers in adults. The risk of developing colorectal cancer increases with age (90% of cases are diagnosed 50 years old or above). Risk factors include: obesity, physical inactivity, a diet high in red or processed meat, alcohol consumption, long term smoking, and inadequate intake of fruits & veggies. Other risk factors include: inherited genetic mutations, personal or family history of polyps or colorectal cancer, personal history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. - List 1 community health intervention for each level of prevention that could alter these risk factors or improve health. (This information is not in your text…. Think about it – you know them from Adult Health.)Primary- health teaching on risk factors (stop smoking, healthy diet, physical activity, staying away from environmental hazards)Secondary- screenings: lung x rays, blood test, colonoscopy Tertiary- receive proper care (attend doctor appointments), change modifiable risk factors, take proper medications#5 Health promotion for unintentional injury (refers to any injury that results from unintended exposure to physical agents, including heat, mechanical energy, chemicals or electricity)- What population is at highest risk overall? (44 years of age and under) top 3 causes of unintentional injuries are motor vehicle accidents, poisonings, and falls. Higher incident rate in females & in the White race.- What population is at highest risk for death from motor vehicle accidents? 34 years of age and younger- What population is at highest risk for death from homicide? 15 to 24 years of age / Suicide? 25 to 34 years of age - Who is at highest risk for falls? 65 years of age and older - What nursing interventions could you use to decrease the risk of unintentional injury? Health education on safety (car safety – wear your seatbelt, no texting and driving, drive the speed limit, limit distractions while driving), safety on the job sight (have rules and regulations, teach all employees safe working zones), safety and fall preventions, get someone help if they threatening suicide or homicide (take it seriously).#6 Health screening for adults (Display 23.2)- What screenings/immunizations should young adults, age 20 -39 have? - What screenings/immunizations should adults age 40 -49 have?- What screenings/immunizations should adults age 50 and older have? #7 Health promotion needs specific to women- What are the specific needs for women ages 18 to 35? - What are needs specific to women ages 35 to 65? #8 Health promotion needs specific to men- Factors influencing men’s healtho Cultural