PTH_AS 2201 1st EditionExam # 3 Study GuideThe Heart1. Cardiac Musclea. Contractions propel blood thru bodyb. Approx. 75 beats per min.c. Approx. 3 billion beats over 70 yrs.2. Heart= Double Pumpa. Pulmonary Circuit: vessels associate with heart & lungsb. Systemic Circuit: vessels associate with heart & body c. Red= oxygen richd. Blue= oxygen poor3. Basic Structure of the hearta. Pericardiumi. Fluid filled fibrous sac surrounding heartii. Fibrous pericardium: anchors heart to other structuresiii. Serous pericardium: lubricates heart for movement (contractions) b. Cardiac walli. 3 layers: Epicardium(visceral pericardium), Myocardium, and Endocardiumii. Epicardium= Thin outer layer, connective tissueiii. Myocardium= Thick muscular layer, contractionsiv. Endocardium= Inner lining, facilitates blood flow, lines all chambers &valves and extends into vessels. c. Chambers (4)i. Right atrium: Receives deoxy. blood from bodyii. Left atrium: Receives oxy blood ***Interatrial septum separates the two iii. Right ventricle: Pushes deoxy blood to lungsiv. Left ventricle: Pushes oxy blood into body. Thick walls.***Interventricular septum separates the twod. Valves (4)i. Right Atrioventricular valve: “Tricuspid valve”; separates right atrium and right ventricleii. Left Atrioventricular valve: “Bicuspid or mitral valve”; separates left atrium and left ventricleiii. Right Semilunar valve: “Pulmonary” valve; separates right ventricle from pulmonary trunkiv. Left Semilunar valve: “Aortic” valve; separates left ventricle and aortae. Major vessels (4)i. Vena cava: Delivers deoxy blood from body to r. atriumii. Pulmonary trunk: Delivers deoxy blood to lungs from r. ventiii. Pulmonary veins: Delivers oxy blood from lungs to l. atriumiv. Aorta: Delivers oxy blood to body from l. ventricle4. SUMMARY of the flow of blood through the chambers of heart1. Deoxy. blood from body goes to right atrium (by the vena cava)2. Next, deoxy. blood flows to the right ventricle3. From the right ventricle, the deoxy. blood goes to lungs (by pulmonarytrunk)4. Blood switches from deoxygenated to oxygenated5. Oxygenated blood from the lungs flows into the left atrium(by pulmonary veins)6. Next, the oxygenated blood flows to the left ventricle7. From the left ventricle, the oxygenated blood goes to the body (by aorta)5. Cardiac Cyclea. Atrial Systolei. Atrioventricular valves open (what separates the r. atrium r. ventricle and l. atrium l. ventricle)ii. Semilunar valves close (what separates r. ventricle  pulmonary trunk and l. ventricle  aorta)iii. Atria contractiv. Blood pushed into ventricles b. Ventricular Systolei. Atrioventricular valves closeii. Semilunar valves openiii. Ventricles contractiv. Blood pushed into vesselsc. Diastolei. All valves closedii. Atria refill with blood6. Conducting System of HeartSpecialized cells= contractions in specific sequence1. Sinoatrial node: generates impulse for atria contraction2. Atrioventricular node: impulses pause here, then continue3. Atrioventricular bundle: connects atria and ventricles4. Impulses move down ventricles5. Purkinje fibers: contraction of ventricles7. Defects in the Heart- Atrial-Septal Defecto Rt. Side hypertrophy- Ventricular Septal Defecto Pulmonary hypertension & disease, heart failureo Most common congenital heart defect* FETAL CIRCULATION DIFFERS FROM CIRCULATION AFTER 1ST BREATHBlood Vessels & Circulation of Head and Neck1. What are the main types of blood vessels?a. Arteriesb. Capillariesc. Veins2. What is the general structure of the blood vessels?a. Lumen (hollow space)b. Tunica intima (epithelial cells)c. Tunica media (smooth muscle)d. Tunica externa (connective tissue)3. Difference of structure between artery and vessela. Artery has circular shaped lumen; vessel has irregular shapeb. Artery has thicker tunica media; vessel has thinner tunica mediac. Artery has thicker tunica externa; vessel has thinner tunica externa4. Function of Arteriesa. Transport blood away from the heart (Most arteries have oxygenated blood)b. EX: Aorta and pulmonary trunk arteries (deoxy.) c. ARTERIES=AWAY5. Types of Arteriesa. Elasticb. Muscularc. Arterioles6. Elastica. Large vessels near heartb. Ex. Aorta7. Musculara. Middle sized arteriesb. Ex. Arteries of arm8. Arteriolesa. Small vessels connected to capillariesb. Ex. Small arteries in fingers9. Function of Veinsa. Transport blood to the heart (most contain deoxy. Blood)b. Ex: Superior and inferior vena cava; pulmonary vein (oxy. Blood)c. VEINS=TO10. What are venules?a. They connect veins and capillaries11. Types of pumpsa. Skeletal muscle pumpi. Muscles squeeze blood toward heartii. Valves prevent back flowb. Respiratory pumpi. As lungs fill during inhalation, blood squeezed toward heartii. Valves prevent back flow*** THESE PUMPS are important because they are the only pressure pushing blood backto the heart******12. Function of the Capillariesa. Gas exchange w/ tissue cellsi. O2 deliveredii. CO2 removedb. Nutrient/ waste exchange with tissue cellsi. Nutrients deliveredii. Metabolic wastes removed13. Structure of Capillariesa. Lumenb. Endotheliumi. Permeable14. Capillary bedsa. Networks of capillariesb. Precapillary Sphinctersi. Smooth musclesii. At Arteriole/Capillary junctioniii. Controls flow of blood from arteriole into capillaryiv. When constricted: blood flows thru metarteriol only15. Anastomosesa. Networks of interconnected blood vesselsb. Provide alternative pathways for circulationc. Frequently found around joints (shoulder, elbow) and in the gastrointestinal circulation16. Systemic Circulationa. Vessels associated w/ heart and body (EXCEPT THE LUNGS)b. Major arteries near hearti. Aortaii. Brachiocephaliciii. Subclavianiv. Common carotidsc. Major veins near hearti. Superior and inferior vena cavaii. Brachiocephaliciii. Subclavianiv. Jugular (external and internal)17. Aortaa. Partsi. Ascendingii. Archiii. Desendingb. Branchesi. Brachiocephalic A. (right side only)ii. Left common carotid A.iii. Left subclavian A.18. Vena Cavaea. Superiori. Drainage for head and upper limbsii. Main tributary: Brachiocephalic (R&L)b. Inferiori. Drainage for abdomen and lower limbs19. Arteries of heada. Brachiocephalic arteryb. Internal and external carotid arteries (the branches of common carotid artery)i. Internal= supplies anterior brain and eyesii. External= Superficial temporal artery which supplies scalpFacial artery which supplies skin of faceMaxillary artery which supplies teeth, nose, masseter,