PTH_AS 2201 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study Guide Anatomical Terminology:1. Dorsal(Posterior)= back of the body2. Ventral(Anterior)= front of the body3. When someone is standing in the anatomical position, they are:a. Standing uprightb. Head faces forwardc. Arms are at the sidesd. Thumbs pointed outwarde. Feet are flatf. Toes are pointed forward4. Superior(Cranial)= towards the top of the body or near the head *EXAMPLE: your shoulders are superior to your abdomen. 5. Inferior(Caudal)= towards the feet *EXAMPLE: your knees are inferior to your thighs6. Medial= towards the midline of the body; such as the nose, belly button. *EXAMPLE: your eyes are medial to your ears7. Lateral= Away from the midline; so, away from the center of your body; such as your hands, finger tips *EXAMPLE: your hand is lateral to your shoulder.8. Proximal= closer to trunk *EXAMPLE: thigh, arm9. Distal= farter from trunk *EXAMPLE: leg, forearm10. Superficial= more external(towards the outside)*EXAMPLE= your skin is superficial to your muscles11. Deep= more internal(deeper inside)Planes: 12. Median Plane(Sagittal)= Divides the body into left and right parts.13. Parasagittal= Also divides the body into left and right parts, but isn’t on the midline(not in the middle).14. Coronal Plane(Frontal)= Divides body into anterior and posterior parts; or front and back parts.15. Transverse Plane(Axial)= Divides body into superior and inferior parts; dividing body top and bottom. ALSO CALLED HORIZONTAL PLANE (hence, the cut being horizontal)Imaging:16. Median MRI Image: looking at the side profile of the brain (the brain being cut in halfand viewing it from the side.17. Coronal MRI Image: looking from the back of the brain (the brain being cut in back and front halves.18. Transverse MRI Image: looking at the as if it were cut horizontally; viewing the top half or the bottom half.Regions:19. Axial Region= Head, Neck, Trunk(goes from shoulder to pelvis)Trunk contains: Thorax(chest), Abdomen(abs), Pelvis20. Cavities= Cranial, Vertebral Canal, Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic21. Appendicular= Upper Limb and Lower LimbUpper Limb: Arm(biscep), Forearm(elbow to wrist), and HandLower Limb: Thigh, Leg, Foot22. What is your thumb called?Pollex23. What is your big toe called?Hallux24. The back part of hand and foot is calledDorsal Surface25. Gripping part of hand= Palmar surface26. Bottom part of foot= Plantar surfaceEmbryology:1. What is the smallest cell in the human body?Sperm; which is the male gamete2. What is the largest cell in the human body?Egg(Ovum); which is the female gamete3. How many chromosomes does each sex cell contain?23 chromosomes4. During Fertilization….a. The sperm and egg unite( 6-24 hrs after sex)b. Many sperm break down outer layer of eggc. 1 sperm fertilizes egg (enzymes released makes egg impenetrable to other sperm)d. Sperms 23 chrom + egg’s 23 chrom= 26 chromosomes (ZYGOTE)e. Zygote= new human cell5. Prenatal Development consists of three development periods:a. Pre-embryonic: week 1; Fertilization to Implantationb. Embryonic: week 2-8; most development occurs herec. Fetal Development: week 9-birth6. Pre-embryonic Development…a. Site of fertilization= in the fallopian tubeb. Day 1= Zygote is in the fallopian tubec. Day 2= Cells start to divide; known as cleavage; cells are now called blastomeres.d. Day 4-6= Cell differentiation (blastocyst)e. Day 7= Implantation; blastocyst implants itself in the uterine wall. 7. What is an Ectopic Pregnancy?Abnormal implantation in uterine tube which occurs 1 out of every 100 pregnancies; will usually abort but requires surgery if not.8. Embryonic Development…a. Week 2 (days 7-11)= Known as the week of the Bilaminar Discb. Week 3= This is when Gastrulation occurs. Bilaminar disc Trilaminar Discc. Gastrulation has 2 steps:1) Replace inner layer of cells with new cells (cells start flowing into groove, replacement of yellow cells). 2) Add a new middle layer of cells d. Trilaminar Disc: Ectoderm(outer)= epidermis, hair & nails, nervous system Mesoderm(middle)= Bones, muscles, most internal organs(circulatory system, urogenital).  Endoderm(inner)= inner lining of respiratory & digestive tracts. Notochord= Rod of mesoderm, defines embryo’s midline, signals ectoderm to form nervous system. Parts of Mesoderm: Lateral, Intermediate, Paraxial (somites) Parts of Lateral Plate: Somatic mesoderm (connective tissues) and Splanchnic mesoderm (heart, blood vessels, walls of organs) Intermediate: Urogenital system, kidneys, bladder, reproductive organs.e. Week 4= Paraxial Mesoderm Somites-early body segments. Divides into:o Sclerotome (vertebral and ribs)o Myotome (limbs and trunk muscles)o Dermatome (dermis laters of skin) Embryo is still flat Embryo folds Start of week 4 to end: Size 3.0mm- 4.5mmf. Week 5 Limb buds Sense organs & face Umbilical cord formsg. Weeks 6-8 Embryo takes on recognizable form Development of gonads9. Fetal Development Months 3 & 4= bones begin to form Months 5-6= First limb movements, lungs produce surfactant, weight is 1.5 lbs. Months 7-9= eyes open/close, fat stored under skin, weight is 7 lbs.Cells and Tissues:1. From smallest to largestCellsTissuesOrganOrgan systemOrganism2. Cell Theory:Cells are the basic unit of lifeAll organisms are comprised of cellsAll new cells arise from preexisting cells3. Cell Structure:Plasma membraneCytoplasmNucleusOrganelles4. Tissue Types:Epithelial= “Covering”Connective= “Support”Muscle= “Movement”Nervous= “Control” (sense and relay back to brain)5. Epithelial Tissue Sheets of cells Line body surface, cavity, or tube Occur at interfaces of environments6. Epithelial Characteristics Cellularity Polarity Supported by connective tissue Avascular but innervated (vessels don’t go directly to the cells) Regenerative Specialized contacts between cells7. Apical Surfaces Microvilli= projections outside cell, increases surface area for nutrients to be absorbed, don’t move about (intestine) Cilia= move about, help transport materials (windpipe, inside of nose)8. Epithelial tissue DOESN’T have vessels, connective HAS blood vessels9. Epithelial Tissue Specialized Contacts: Tight Junctions= prevent transport (don’t let things go between the cell) Desmosomes= bind cells together (have rods, allow forces go thru epithelial membrane, when there is less pressure its more