2Lab 1: Introduction to Lab EquipmentU.C. Davis Physics 116AINTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this first lab is to becomefamiliar with the standard equipment of anelectronics lab. You will use the multimeter,function generator, and oscilloscope.1. ACCURACY OF THEMULTIMETERSet the voltage on the breadboard to anarbitrary voltage between 10V and 14V. Measurethis voltage with at least 5 different multimeters.Optionally, measure the voltage using differentprobes, wire lengths, voltage ranges, etc. Foryour report, list your voltage measurements, givethe average and the range of values, and from thisdetermine the accuracy of a voltage measurement.2. LOADINGConstruct the circuit shown in figure 1.(Note that the "resistance of multimeter" is notan actual resistor you put in the circuit; it is themultimeter itself.) Calculate the voltage V if themultimeter wasn't in the circuit. What is themeasured voltage V? For your lab report,calculate the resistance of the multimeter usingthe measured value of V.+10V= 10M= 10MΩΩVRR12Resistance ofMultimeterFigure 1: Circuit for demonstrating multimeter loading.This effect is called "loading". As anadditional demonstration of this effect, trymeasuring V with two multimeterssimultaneously and see how the measured valueof V changes. Unfortunately, we can never maketruly "ideal" measurements which don't perturbthe system we are measuring.3. USING THE OSCILLOSCOPEFOR D.C. VOLTAGEMEASUREMENTSRepeat the experiment of section 1 usingoscilloscopes instead of multimeters. You onlyneed to use two different 'scopes, but have atleast three different people read the voltage foreach. For your lab report, list these voltagemeasurements, their average and their range, andcompare the precision of the oscilloscope to thatof the multimeter.4. OSCILLOSCOPE LOADINGRepeat the experiment of section 2 with theo-scope in place of the multimeter. I recommendusing 1 MΩ resistors instead of the 10 MΩones.5. USING THE OSCILLOSCOPE FORA.C. VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS(A PICTURE IS WORTH ATHOUSAND NUMBERS.)Use a triangle wave of about 1 kHz from thefunction generator (MAIN output) fed into theoscilloscope (channel 1 input). Try to produce atrace on the oscilloscope that looks as much likethe one in figure 2 as you possibly can. Foryour lab report, record the settings you used onthe oscilloscope (horizontal scale, vertical scale,trigger mode and level, input coupling, and anyother setting you think is important). Alsorecord the peak voltages and the frequency of yoursignal.Figure 2: Desired oscilloscope traceNext, use the function generator's SYNCoutput as the oscilloscope's channel 2 input.Adjust the oscilloscope's display so that bothtraces are visible and easy to compare. Triggeron the channel 1 input. For your lab report,draw what you see, labeling each trace3appropriately (e.g., peak voltages, voltage andtime scales, times of intersects, etc.). Note inparticular the phase relationship between the twosignals.Next, replace the channel 2 input with theMAIN output of a different function generator.Try to adjust the function generators so that bothtraces "hold still". For your lab report, explainwhat is different about using two functiongenerators' outputs vs. using two outputs fromthe same function generator.Next, using only one function generator, tryto make the 'scope display look like a hospital'sEKG machine. This display looks like a singledot tracing out a pattern. Most of our displayslook like solid lines. For your lab report,explain the (very simple) difference between thesetwo "looks" to an oscilloscope's display.6. MEASURING [AC] SINE WAVESConsider a general formula for a sine wave: v(t) = V0+ v0cos2πft.Use the function generator to generate a sinewave with V05= V, v03= V, and f = 7kHz.For your lab report, give the name of each ofthese parameters and which function generatorknob controls them.Observe this waveform on the 'scope withthe input coupling set to "DC". Measure thethree parameters set above. Now change theinput coupling to "AC" and repeat themeasurements. For your lab report, describewhat has changed and decide whether DC or ACcoupling is better for general purpose use.Measure the same sine wave using themultimeter. Try both the DC voltage and ACvoltage settings. Does the DC setting give V0?Is the reading steady? Is this useful? Does theAC setting give v0? Does it give v02/ ? Thisis the "RMS" voltage. Is the reading steady? Isthis useful? For your lab report, answer thesequestions.7. OSCILLOSCOPE TESTHave a friend (or me) quiz you on the use ofthe oscilloscope. Test giver: hide the functiongenerator from the test taker's view and set somerandom frequency, amplitude, and DC offset.Test taker: shut off the 'scope then turn it backon (to reset it) and try your best to measure thesecret signal's frequency, amplitude, and DCoffset. For your lab report, give your percentaccuracy using the o-scope.8. SUMMARY OF THE OSCILLOSCOPEFor your lab report, use your own words todescribe what the following oscilloscope settingsdo:• horizontal scale• vertical scale• dual trace mode (chop vs. alt)• trigger mode• trigger source• trigger level• input coupling (DC vs.