ISB NotesAustin BrossPlants of the Day: Kalanchoe diagremontiana “Mother of Thousands”- Leaf-like branches- Determinate- Can be termed phylloclades or cladodes- Asexual Reproduction, r selected- Grows tall, sheds excess leaves at bottom to avoid getting eaten. Cecropia Mutualistic w/ ants Seeds rest in soil  Sloths blend in well with Cecropia because of camouflage Euphorbia tirucalii (African Milk Bush)- Oozes milky sap when damaged- Contact = dermatitis or blindnessCnidoscolus chayamansa (Chaya or Tree Spinach) Improves blood circulation Lowers Cholesterol  High in Fe Improves MemoryTaxus breviforlia (Pacific Yew)Initially could not be synthesized and could only be extracted from huge quantities of barkLeaves contain taxols (cancer treatment)Chlorophytum comosum (Spider Plant) NASA study in the 1980s Top 10 plants most effective in removing Formalehyde, Benzene, and Carbon monoxideNotes: - Thomas Malthus -“An Essay on the Principle of Population”, human population increases exponentially, food production increases arithmetically. - Malthusian Catastrophe- “There should be no more people in a country that could enjoy a daily glass of wine and piece of beef for dinner”- Current population- 6.9 billion. Growing at 1.2% per year (89 million per)- Thousands of years to reach 1 billion people, took 150 years to reach 3 billion, Most recent billion took 12 years- Cultural Carrying Capacity- Essay by Garrett Hardin- Factors Controlling Growth- Birth Rate, Death Rate, Immigration/Emigration- History of the Problem- Cultural RevolutionsA. Hunting and Gathering PhaseB. Domestication of plants and animalsC. Industrial RevolutionD. Public Health and technology revolutionE. Medical technology revolutionF. Green RevolutionG. Genetic Revolutioni. Developing Nations- - Africa, Asia, Latin America- 80% of world population, will account for 90% of projected growth- Above Carrying Capacity - In Debtii. Developed Nations- Wealthy, Old, and most shrinking-- Small Portion of Population- Controls WealthI. Distribution of Wealth- 25% of pop. Controls 80% of wealth- 75 % of pop. Controls 20% of wealthCauses of War1. Religion2. Conflicts of Resources- Population TrendsA. Mortality > Natality = Population Decreases (Denmark Crude Birth Rate- # of births in a year per thousand Total Fertility Rate- # of children born to an average woman in a population during her life Zero Population Growth = 2.1 children per couple Births + immigration = deaths + emigration Natural Increase- crude birth rate minus crude death rateo Life Expectancy- average age a newborn can expect to attain in any given societyo Increasing populations- more young people than old peopleo Declining populations- More old people than young- Factors that affect fertilityB. Religion C. TraditionD. Economic Motivation- Natural Wealth- Madison Avenue EffectE. Self-SatisfactionF. EducationG. Alternatives to SexH. Generation Time- Age of reproduction?- Contraception over 8000 years- Crocodile Dung, Bees Wax, Sheep Skin, ext.- Other methods of controlA. Mass media / Education CampaignsB. Incentive Programs (Ex: India $100 for every vasectomy)C. Reversible SterilizationD. Mass Fertility ControlE. Compulsory Birth Control- Solutions- Reduce Poverty, Increase Women’s Rights and EducationMongoose Originated in Africa Major problem in Hawaii because they threaten survival of various native species Learned to throw eggs at solid objects Loose, dense fur Nutria Originated in South America Problem in Louisiana Imported into Louisiana for the fur farming industry  Lots of adaptationsBrown-tree snake Native to Australia, Indonesia Imported from Cargo Ships Eugenics- improving the qualities of the human species, such as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits (negative eugenics) or encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits (positive eugenics). Health- state of complete physical, mental, and social well-beingDisease- abnormal change in the body’s condition that impairs physical or psychological functionToxic Chemical depends on…- Dose- Duration- Capacity of Body to RemoveAcute- single exposure that results in immediate health problemChronic Effects- Long-Lasting, maybe permanent, Usually from extended exposureAllergens- substances that activate the immune systemAntigens- substances that are recognized as foreign by white blood cells and stimulate the production of specific antibodies. Immune System Depressants- pollutants that depress the immune systemEndocrine Disrupters- disrupt normal hormone functionsEnvironmental Estrogens- environmental contaminants which cause reproductive problems in animals even at very low dosesNeurotoxins- metabolic poisons that specifically attack nerve cells-Different Types Act in different ways- Heavy Metals- kill nerve cells- Anesthetics and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons- disrupts nerve cell membranes- Organophosphates and Carbamates- inhibit signal transmission between nerve cellsMutagens- Damage or alter genetic material. Can lead to birth defects or tumorsTeratogens- specifically cause abnormalities during embryonic growth and development (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)Carcinogens- substances that cause cancerExtra Credit- Write a 2-4 Page research paper (1.5” margins, 12 font, 3+ references, cite by author within text, MLA style bibliography)Research, discuss, explain, and give solutions on any case study looking at any toxin in the environment. Chemical with an LD50…Bioaccumulation- Substances build up in tissue over timeBiomagnification- Substances build up at each level as they pass through the food chainDDT- Pesticide killed Bald Eagles Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring”- Book about dangers of DDTInfectious Disease- Communicable diseases are still responsible for about 1/3 of all disease-related deathsMajority in countries with poor nutrition, sanitation, and vaccinationsGood news of Food, nutrition, and agriculture- World food supplies have more than kept up with human population growth over the past two centuries. - During the past 40 years, population growth has averaged 1.7% per year, while food production increased an average of 2.2%- Improvements in farm production come from technological advances and modification of well-known species. - Corn