Finals Study GuideOlea europaea Olive- Leafy branches- Symbol of abundance, glory, and peaceDuckweed- One of smallest flowering plants- Indicates high levels of P and N- Can double in 3 days- BioremediationStar Jasmine- Medicinal uses- Not edible- Ornamental- PollinationRabbit’s Foot Fern- Reproduce by spores- Responsible for much of todays coal deposits Trichocereus peruvianus- San Pedro Cactus- Global Warming consensus: an interplay of Natural and Anthropogenic influences are leading to increased global mean temperatures- Carbon Dioxide Levels- Fossil Fuels, Forest Fires- Double CO2- Earths temperature rises by 1%- How heat is distributed will make hurricanes less frequent, more powerful- Oceanic Changes- Warming of the oceans, lower pH, increased acidity- Mass Migration- Limited Space, Resources - Preventing Global Warming- Cause Global Cooling, Carbon Sequestration, Reduce GHC Emissions- Water Vapor- Increased rates of evaporation- Nitrous Oxides- Inorganic Fertilizers, Deforestation, Fossil Fuels- Methane- Livestock, Rice Paddies, Melting Permafrost- China has most total CO2 emissions, USA has most per capita- For every doubling of CO2 the earths temps rise by 1 degree- Global Weather Patterns- Droughts, Heat Waves, Floods, Severe Weather Patterns, Melting Permafrost, CO2 realse, methane released, disease- Oceanic Changes- Warming oceans, lower pH, increased acidity- Sea Level Rise- Thermal Expansion of ocean water due to climate warming has raised oceans from 10 to 20 cenemeters- Sea Levels could rise between 50 to 200 cm in next century- Sea Level Changes- Water expands as it warms, ice caps melt and recede, 2/3 of population lives within150 km of coastline- Carbon Sequestration- Biomass Conversion- Develop methods by which to increase rate of Photosynthesis (collect and deposit products)- Reduce GHG Emission- Water Vapor, Eliminate reliance upon cooling towers, Methane?, Reduce Rice Consumption?, Reduce Beef Consumption?, Green Tax?, Carbon Dioxide?, Reduce Fossil Fuels, Carbon Rights, Kyoto Protocol, Full cost pricing - 1 in 5 people lack access to safe drinking water- Oceans- 97% of water (90% of living biomass), moderates earths temperature- 2.4% of worlds water is fresh- 90% is in glaciers, ice caps, and snowfields- Infiltration- process of water percolating through the soil and into fractures and permeable rocks- Zone of aeration- upper soil layers that hold both air and water- Zone of saturation- lower soil layers where all spaces are filled with water- Water table- top of zone of saturation- Aquifers- porous layers of sand, gravel, or rock lying below the water table- Artesian- Pressurized aquifer intersects the surface - Recharge zones- area where water infiltrates into an aquifer, recharge rate is slow. Recharge rate is slow, groundwater being removed faster than being replenished- Water use- agriculture, domestic, industrial- Water Pollution- Qualitative water problem, pollutant, any material cuasing deleterious ecological effects or health problems- Water Pollution effects- Aesthetics, Biological, Public Health, Local Effects, Ecological Effects, Global effects- Water Pollution Sources: Non-point source, - Turbidity- amount of sediment carried in the water- BOD- biological oxygen demand- gives a measure of how much oxygen is needed in the water body- indicates the rate of decomposition and oxygen use in the water- Parameters used to access water- Nutrient load-nitrogen, phosphates, potassium, allochthonous inputs- materials added to the water body from outside the water body.- Diversity Indices- used to measure biodiversity in the water