WOMEN IN ANCIENT GREEK HISTORYI. WOMEN IN ANCIENT GREECEA. INTRODUCTION1. TIME FRAMEa. MINOAN CIV - 29000-1100 B.C.E.(1) CENTERED ON ISLAND OF CRETEb. MYCENEAN AGE - 1650-1100 B.C.E.(1) CENTERED ON GREEK MAINLANDc. HOMER & HEROIC PAST - 1100-800 B.C.E.(1) HOMER WROTE ABOUT MYCENEAN AGEd. LYRIC AGE 800-500 B.C.E.(1) EVOLUTION OF CITY-STATES(2) COLONIZATION OF GREEKS AROUND MED. SEAe. CLASSICAL PERIOD 500-338 B.C.E.(1) GREEK PHILOSOPHY, DRAMA, DEMOCRACYB. MINOAN CIVILIZATION1. NAME FROM MYTHICAL KING MINOS WITH MINOTAURa. HALF MAN HALF BULL FIGURE2. THESUS, MYTHICAL FOUNDER OF ATHENSa. VOLUNTEERS TO GO TO CRETE AS PART OF ANNUAL TRIBUTE REQUIRED BY KING MINOSb. IN LABYRINTH OF PALACE HE HAD TO FIND HIS WAY OUT WITHOUT GETTING KILLED BY MINOTAURc. WITH AID OF ARAIDNE, KING MINOS' DAUGHTER(1) THESEUS SUCCEEDS3. FRESCOES PAINTED WITH LEAPING ACROBATIC MALES & FEMALES OVER BULLS 4. SCHOLARS DEBATE WHETHER THIS BONA FIDE MATRIARCHAL SOCIETY OR NOT5. MORE FRESCOES OF WOMEN THAN MEN6. ON ISLAND OF CRETE NUMEROUS PALACES FOUNDa. NO WALLSb. INDICATING EITHER SECURITY BEHIND NAVY OR PEACEFUL SOCIETY7. SERENE ROOMS WITH PAINTED WALLS OF ANIMALS & PLANTSa. GIVE CREDENCE TO LATTER8. THRONE NOT ELEVATED FROM OTHER SEATS9. ADVANCED PLUMBINGa. WORLD'S FIRST FLUSH TOILETb. TERRA COTTA BATHTUBS10. FIGURINES OF BARE-BREASTED WOMEN WITH FULL LENGTH SKIRTS THOUGHT TO BE REPRESENTATIONS OF THEIR CHIEF GODDESSa. WITH SNAKES IN HER HANDSb. NAMELESS OR ELSE A PRIESTESS FOR HER11. HILLTOP SANCTUARIES HAVE REPS OF THEIR DEITY TOOa. OFTEN CALLED MOUNTAIN MOTHER12. OTHER FIGURES OF THIS GODDESS CIRCA 1300-1250 B.C.E. SHOW THEM WITH POPPIES ON THEIR HEAD13. INDICATION PRIESTESSES MORE NB THAN PRIESTS ON CRETEa. PROCESSION FRESCO PRIESTESS RECEIVING TRIBUTE ADULATION & WORSHIP(1) FROM 2 APPROACHING LINES OF MEN14. WOMEN IN RELIGIOUS RITUALS WHERE DANCING & SACRIFICESa. BOTH NB COMPONENTS OF LATER GREEK RELIGIONC. MYCENEAN CULTURE1. NAMED AFTER ITS CAPITAL ON PELOPONNEUS2. DOMINATED GREEK WORLD FROM 1600 -100 B.C.E.3. 500 YEARS LATER HOMER'S ILIAD & ODYSSEY RELATES THIS SOCIETY4. SCHLIEMANN 1876 FOUND AGAMEMNON'S PALACE & GOLD MASK5. HOMELAND OF HELEN OF TROY6. DISCUSS HER KIDNAPPING & TROJAN WAR7. ECONOMIC REASONS WHY WAR NOT HER CAPTURE8. LATER GREEK TIMES HELEN REVERED AS GODDESSa. ESPECIALLY BY SPARTANS(1) WHERE SHE FROM9. HOMER'S WORKS GREEK BIBLEa. OUTLINING FOR THEM THEIR HEROIC PAST &b. HOW TO FEEL, THINK, BEHAVEc. & MOST IMPORTANTLY FIGHTING(1) THEIR REASON FOR BEING10. NOT MUCH KNOWN ABOUT WOMEN 11. BUT THOUGHT NOT AS WELL REGARDED AS IN MINOAN12. NOW SACRED SITES TO MALE GODS LIKE ZEUS & APOLLO13. ALTHOUGH MYCENAEANS CONTINUED TO WORSHIP MOUNTAIN MOTHER AT SANCTUARIES IN MOUNTAINS14. WE GET OUR FIRST DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF GREEK DEITIES IN THESE EPIC TALES15. ZEUS & HERA APEX OF PANTHEON16. POSEIDON, APHRODITE, ATHENA, ARTEMIS, APOLLO, ARES, ETC.17. AS IN NEAR EAST THEIR MYTHOLOGY RELATES SUBSTITUTION OF FEMALES FOR MALE DEITIES18. FREQUENT USE OF OX-EYED FOR HERA SUGGESTS HERA GREAT MOTHER GODDESS BEFORE ZEUS BORN19. AT OLYMPIA, THE HERAIONa. TEMPLE TO HERAb. PREDATES BY LONG TIME TEMPLE OF ZEUS20. BY HOMERIC AGE ZEUS MORE NB THAN HERA21. ECONOMICALLY WOMENa. WOVE CLOTHb. MADE LEATHER GOODSc. PROCESSED GRAINd. ALL POSITIONS DETERMINED BY GENDERD. ARCHAIC AGE, CIRCA 800-500 B.C.E.1. EVOLUTION OF CITY-STATES2. BEGINNINGS OF GREEK COLONIZATION3. GREEKS FARMERS, TRADERS, FISHERMEN4. POLEIS OR CITY-STATES CONSTRUCT5. PEOPLE RESIDING FULL TIME IN COUNTRYa. INFERIOR TO CITY DWELLERS(1) WHO WORKED FIELDS2(2) BUT LIVED IN CITIES6. POLITICALLY GREEK WORLD WENT THROUGH VARIOUS FORMS OF GOVT STRUCTUREa. HEREDITARY MONARCHIESb. OLIGARCHIESc. DICTATORSHIPSd. DEMOCRACIES7. NOT ALL ARRIVED AT DEMOCRATIC STAGE LIKE ATHENS8. SPARTA BASICALLY MONARCHY WITH SOCIALISTIC TENDENCIES9. ATHENS & SPARTA 2 LARGEST & IN COMPETITION10. COLONIZATION AROUND MED, BLACK & AEGEAN SEAS MEANTGREEK CULTURE SPREADE. CLASSICAL PERIOD 500-332 B.C.E.1. MOST FAMILIAR WITH ASa. LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY & ARTISTIC ENDEAVORS MAINLY BY ATHENIANS2. BEGINS SEVERE DECLINE IN WOMEN'S ROLES3. ATHENS PROBABLY MOST UNFAVORABLE TO WOMENII. WOMEN IN ATHENIAN SOCIETYA. GENERAL REMARKS1. WOMEN LEGALLY & POLITICALLY HAD NO POWER2. UNDER CONTROL OF MALES THEIR ENTIRE LIVES3. GIRLS NEVER FORMALLY CAME OF AGE4. BEFORE SOLON'S ECONOMIC & POLITICAL REFORMS CA 600 B.C.E.a. FATHERS COULD SELL THEIR DAUGHTERS INTO SLAVERY IF ECONOMIC DISTRESS5. FATHERS DID NOT RAISE DAUGHTERS UNLESS THEY COULD PROVIDE THEM WITH ADEQUATE DOWRYa. INFANTICIDE COMMITTEDb. DEBATE ONGOING WHETHER MORE GIRLS THAN BOYS SUBJECT OF INFANTICIDE6. BIRTH OF SON GOAL OF MARRIAGE7. PHILOSOPHERS ARISTOTLE & PLATOa. SUGGESTED MARRIAGE AGE POSTPONEDb. SO CHILDBEARING YEARS LIMITEDc. IF NUMBER OF CHILDREN TOO LARGE(1) MOTHERS TO ABORT FETUSESB. MARRIAGE CUSTOMS1. BECAUSE OF MALE DOMINANCE GIRLS MARRIED EARLYa. TEENAGERS - AROUND 142. HUSBAND AT LEAST 303. MANDATORY VIRGINITY FOR BRIDES ONLY4. STANDARD BETROTHAL CONTRACTa. DOWRY IN LAND OR MONEY5. IF DIVORCE DOWRY REMAINED WITH WIFE6. JANUARY POPULAR TIME FOR MARRIAGES AS HERA'S MONTH7. WIFE TO REMAIN FAITHFUL8. OK FOR HUSBANDS TO PURSUE AFFAIRS WITH FEMALE PROSTITUTES OR YOUNGER MEN9. DEMOSTHENES, NOTED GREEK ORATOR3a. WE HAVE HETAIRAI FOR THE SAKE OF PLEASURE, PROSTITUTES FOR DAILY CARE OF THE BODY, BUT WIVES TO BEAR US LEGITIMATE CHILDREN AND TRUSTED GUARDIANS OF OUR HOUSEHOLDSC. LIFE IN SPARTA FOR WOMEN1. SPARTA STRONG MILITARISTIC SOCIETY2. OMNIPRESENT WAR FOOTING3. WHEN GIRL BORN INSPECTED BY GROUP OF ELDERLY MENa. DETERMINED IF SHE STRONG ENOUGH TO LIVEb. OTHERWISE EXPOSED4. GIRLS SPENT THEIR EARLY YEARS IN VARIOUS ATHLETIC PURSUITSa. TONING THEIR BODIES TO PRODUCE GOOD BABIES5. STRENGTH AND TENACIOUSNESS OF SPARTAN WOMEN LEGENDARY6. SPARTAN WOMEN HAD FAR MORE FREEDOM THAN OTHER GREEKS7. SPARTA ONLY STATE HAVING PUBLIC EDUCATION FOR GIRLS8. WOMAN'S HUSBAND NOT HER LEGAL MASTER IN SPARTA AS INATHENS9. MOST GREEK WOMEN DID NOT GO OUT UNCOVERED BUT SPARTAN WOMEN DID10. AFTER WEDDING HUSBANDS & WIVES STILL LIVED SEPARATELY FROM MENa. WHO CONTINUED SPARTAN PRACTICE OF LIVING IN MILITARY BARRACKS11. AS IN ATHENS MAIN DUTY OF SPARTAN WIVES TO BREED BRAVE & STRONG CHILDREN12. WOMEN HAD RIGHT TO OWN & DISPOSE OF PROPERTYa. NOT POSSIBLE IN ATHENS13. WOMEN FROM 5TH TO 3RD CENTURIES B.C.E. HAD THEIR POWER IN POLITICS INCREASEa. AS WOMEN CONTROLLED LAND WEALTH14. WAS SPARTA A GYNEOCRACY LIKE ARISTOTLE SAYS?15. ARISTOTLE CLAIMED SPARTA ULTIMATELY