What is the cause of glacial-interglacial cycles? PARTS OF A HYDROELECTRIC PLANTGEOL 108Lg 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide"Dynamics of the Hydrosphere: Hurricanes and Waves"What is the Coriolis force?The rotation of the Earth causes an interesting phenomena on free moving objects on the Earth. Objects in the Northern Hemisphere are deflected to the right, while objects in the Southern Hemisphere are deflected to the left (see image). Therefore, the coriolis effect tries to force winds to shift towards the right or left. The coriolis effect can at times cause winds to blow back up the pressure gradient. The Coriolis Effect pushes objects clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere. And yet hurricanes spin in exactly the opposite direction. Why?In Northern Hemisphere, winds deflect to the right. In the Southern Hemisphere, they deflect to the left. This wind deflection gets storms spinning. As a result, hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere rotate counterclockwise and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The force also affects the actual path of the hurricane, bending them to theright (clockwise) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left (counterclockwise) if you're south of the equator. The Coriolis force is an example of a fictitious force in the sense that there’s no energy expended, and can be compared to another such force, the centrifugal force.What is latent heat?With the help of H2O, or water, the Earth’s atmosphere has the ability to store heat. When heat is stored, it is referred to as latent heat.What causes hurricanes? What controls the path of a hurricane?1. Hurricanes are intense low pressure areas that form over warm ocean waters in the summer and early fall, typically. Their source of energy is water vapor that is evaporated from the ocean surface. Water vapor is the "fuel" for the hurricanes because it releases the latent heat of condensation when it condenses to form clouds and rain, warming the surrounding air. This heat energy was absorbed by the water vapor when it was evaporated from the warm ocean surface, cooling the ocean in the process.2. In general, hurricanes are steered by global winds. The prevailing winds that surround a hurricane, also known as the environmental wind field, are what guide a hurricane along its path. The hurricane propagates in the direction of this wind field, which also factors into the system’s propagation speed.Why do hurricanes not cross the equator?Observations show that no hurricanes form within 5 degrees latitude of the equator. People argue that the Coriolis force is too weak there to get air to rotate around a low pressure rather than flow from high to low pressure, which it does initially. If you can't get the air to rotate you can't get a storm.What is a storm surge?To put it simply, a storm surge is a mound of water in center of hurricane getting sucked upWhy does a hurricane need warm sea surface temperatures?Warm sea surface temperatures--This is a key ingredient because it serves as the fuel source for hurricanes. Sea surface, or ocean temperatures need to be at least 80 degreesFahrenheit (27 degrees Celsius) where the system is located in order for it to develop into a tropical storm or hurricane."Ocean Processes: Waves and Beaches"How are ocean waves formed?Waves have crests (the peak of the wave) and troughs (the lowest point on the wave). The wavelength, or horizontal size of the wave, is determined by the horizontal distance between two crests or two troughs. The vertical size of the wave is determined by the vertical distance between the two. Waves travel in groups called wave trains. Ocean waves are formed by interactions with the moon, sun, and earth. The moon and earth are like magnets that attract. When the moon pulls on the Earth, the earth can't hold on to the water because it is always moving, so the moon's gravity pulls on the ocean tugging at the water causing it to sway and move.Tides: Low Tides and High TidesTides are created because the Earth and the moon are attracted to each other. The moon pulls atanything on the Earth to bring it closer. The earth’s puller is stronger so everything is held onto except for water. Since the water is always moving, the Earth cannot hold onto it, and the moon is able to pull at it. Each day, there are two high tides and two low tides. The ocean is constantly moving from high tide to low tide, and then back to high tide. Tides are the periodic rise and falling of large bodies of water. Winds and currents move the surface water causing waves. The gravitational attraction of the moon causes the oceans to bulge out in the direction of the moon. Another bulge occurs on the opposite side, since the Earth is also being pulled toward the moon (and away from the water on the far side). Ocean levels fluctuate daily as the sun, moon and earth interact. As the moon travels around the earth and as they, together,travel around the sun, the combined gravitational forces cause the world's oceans to rise and fall. Since the earth is rotating while this is happening, two tides occur each day.How does refraction concentrate erosion at headlands?-Wave energy is concentrated on headlands due to wave refraction; erosion is maximum.-Longshore currents and beach drift diverge from the headlands due to wave refraction.-Wave energy is dispersed in the bays; deposition is maximum.-Headland cliffs are cut back by wave erosion and the bays are filled with sand deposits until the coastline becomes straight.What human activities can increase beach erosion?The removal of barrier dunes in many coastal areas increases flooding and erosion in those region. Global warming has produced more powerful storms which also increases coastal erosion and flooding (rising sea levels from global warming are also eroding coastlines faster). What is a groin/groyne and how does it affect beach erosion?A groyne a rigid hydraulic structure built from an ocean shore (in coastal engineering) or from a bank (in rivers) that interrupts water flow and limits the movement of sediment. In the ocean, groynes create beaches, or avoid having them washed away by longshore drift. In a river, groynes prevent erosion and ice-jamming, which in turn aids navigation. Ocean groynes run generally perpendicular to the shore, extending from the upper foreshore or beach into the water. While sand does accumulate on the updrift side of the groins, the other side of the groin becomes