GEOL 108Lg 1st Edition Lecture 21Outline of Last Lecture-Anthropogenic attribution-Carbon Cycle-Climate SystemOutline of Current Lecture-Energy and Economy-Fossil FuelsCurrent LectureEnergyBP’s Deepwater Horizon Disaster:An oil rig that leaked for 3 months in 2010, may be contnuing to seepThe spill caused a lot of damage to marine and wildlife habitats and to the Gulf's fishingand tourism industries.A brief reviewAt this point in time, China has overtaken the U.S. as the world’s largest emitter of CO2.-This leaves two of the world’s greatest powers—in fact, the world’s two superpowers—as the twogreatest emitters of Carbon: The United States and China.-China and the developing world are expected to be the largest emitters of Carbon by the year 2020. Carbon Emissions as a Functon of Economic Growth.GDP and CO2 emissions are NOT a 1 to 1 relationship though. In the beginning they flow together, but since the 70s there has been a decoupling. (why? Clean Air Act, Oil Embargo)Energy: potental to do work (which = Force x Length)-Coal (steam) was the foundaton of the industrial revoluton; beginning of the fossil fuel era.CoalCoal had limited early use...Bronze aged tribes in Wales - 2000 B. C. (funeral pyres) China - 1100 B. C. Greeks - 200 B. C.Pueblo Indians - undated (pottery)but it did not become widespread untl the onset of the Industrial Revoluton in the late 1700's. Industrial revolution relied on steam engines powered by coal. 18th century world history is considerably tied to coal and its impact on societal issues- mines were dangerous due to cave ins, methane explosions, fires coupled with child labor, long hours, rapid health deterioraton of workers >>> all paved the way to the organization of labor and formatonof unions.-By 1880, coal had exceeded wood as a energy resource although extensive lumbering in the US contnued through the early 1900’s leading to near complete deforestation of America1650 1926-First law of thermodynamics: energy is conserved. You can’t create it from nothing or destroy it. Sunlight >> “loss generatng process” (you cannot have perfect conversion of energy).-87% of our energy now comes from fossil fuels.What are n o n re n e w a b le r e s o u rce s ?•utlized faster than replenished•once consumed, gone forever•2 types:•Fossil Fuels–Coal–Oil–Gas•Nuclear EnergyFossil Fuels•87% of the energy we use in this country comes from fossil fuels which are generally found in three main forms:1. petroleum 38%2. coal 26%3. natural gas23%All were derived from ancient life that accumulated over 100’s of millions of years (i.e. fossils=eventually fossil fuels)-2 types of mining (surface and deep), and neither are goodS u rface–Coal buried less than 200 ft.–Removal of topsoil and layers of rockU nd erg r o un d ( d e e p m i n i n g )–Coal buried several hundred ft.–Elevators to deep mine shafts–Machines dig coalWhere C o al i s F o un d•U.S. (29%)– world’s largest coal reserves–3 large regions–Appalachian Coal Region (35%)–Interior Coal Region (13%)–Western Coal Region (52%)•Former U.S.S.R. (20%)•China (13%)Coal reserves remain high worldwide supplying the world beyond the year 2300.Issue: it is the most toxic fossil fuel, including output of CO, CO2, and S per energy unit and related contribution to acid rain.Future use: coal gasificaton and carbon capture and sequestration (CSS)Natural gas, formed like oil [methane, propane and butane] is the cleanest of the fossil fuels (less CO2 emitted)Exclusively formed in the deep seas, where billions of micro-organisms live and die in the photc zone and settle in the deeper cold water where they cannot be oxidized. They form a hydrocarbon rich, slimy mud.Not very old (< 400 m.y.), being that early on, the Earth lacked abundant life.As they become buried with silt and mud, they also become heated and buoyant. Like the "rise of the living dead", they slip away from their source rocks and rise into overlying strata (reservoir rocks).Gas rises faster. Eventually their rise is stopped at an impenetrable pocket, a "trap rock". Over millions of years, the trap accumulates "black gold"Fracking leads to earthquakes of varying sizes no matter what because you’re breaking the earth apartEROI= energy return on investmentCrude Oil•Smelly, yellow-to-black liquid•Separated into useable petroleum products–Gasoline–Diesel fuel & heating oil–Jet fuel–Heavy fuel oil–Liquefied petroleum gas–Other products•Rubber•Asphalt•Plastics•Nylon•SolventsUS C o n s u m p t o n o f Oil•The United States remains the world’s largest consumer of oil, using 20.8 million barrels a day—nearly one fourth of the world total. The other major oil users are Europe (15.6 million barrels daily), China (6.6 million barrels), and Japan (5.4 million barrels). On a per capita basis, the United States uses two thirds more oil than Japan does and 13 tmes as much as China.ShaleU.S. Western oil shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that’s very rich in organic sedimentarymaterial called “kerogen.” The shale is heated to separate the kerogen from the rock and the resultant liquid is converted to superior quality jet fuel, diesel fuel, kerosene, and other high value products. The U.S. could expect an oil boom if the economy for shale producton gets more advanced and mainstream.It’s a very environmentally damaging source.Oil shale companies acknowledge that the technology required to superheat shale to extract oil is unproven. They also acknowledge that they are uncertain how much water would be needed in the process, although some experts calculate it would take 10 barrels of water to get one barrel of oil from shale."There are estimates that oil shale could use all of the remaining water in upper Colorado River Basin," said Susan Daggett, a commissioner on the Denver Water Board. "A Future Fossil Fuel? - Gas HydratesGas (methane) hydrates, originally discovered in the laboratory of Sir Humphrey Davy in 1810, are ice- like solids that consist of gas molecules (such as methane) which are enclosed within the cage-like structure of water molecules.Methane trapped in marine sediments as a hydrate represents an immense carbon reservoir.Other untapped, fossil fuels include oil shales and tar sands, both requiring high expense