Cloud-Covered VenusIntroduction To Modern Astronomy ISlide 3Guiding QuestionsSlide 5Slide 6Thick Cloud Cover of VenusPeculiar RotationAtmosphereSlide 10Venus’s CloudsSlide 12Climate EvolutionSlide 14Slide 15Slide 16SurfaceInteriorFinal Notes on Chap. 12Cloud-Covered VenusChapter TwelveIntroducing Astronomy (chap. 1-6)Introduction To Modern Astronomy IPlanets and Moons (chap. 7-17)ASTR 111 – 003 Fall 2006Lecture 11 Nov. 13, 2006Ch7: Comparative Planetology ICh8: Comparative Planetology IICh9: The Living EarthCh10: Our Barren MoonCh11: Sun-Scorched MercuryCh12: Cloud-covered VenusCh13: Red Planet MarsCh14: Jupiter and SaturnCh15: Satellites of Jup. & SaturnCh16: Outer WorldCh17: Vagabonds of Solar SystemVenus DataGuiding Questions1. What makes Venus such a brilliant “morning star” or “evening star”?2. What is strange about the rotation of Venus?3. In what ways does Venus’s atmosphere differ radically from our own?4. Why do astronomers suspect that there are active volcanoes on Venus?5. Why is there almost no water on Venus today? Why do astronomers think that water was once very common on Venus?6. Does Venus have the same kind of active surface geology as the Earth?•At its greatest eastern and western elongations, Venus is about 47° from the SunBrilliant “Morning Star” and “Evening Star”•Morning Star: –at greatest western elongation–rises nearly 3 hours before the Sun–High in the eastern sky at dawn•Evening Star–At greatest eastern elongation–High above the western horizon after sunset•It is the brightest object in the sky except the Sun and the Moon–Venus is relatively large–Close to the Sun–Close to the Earth–Strongly reflect the Sunlight by its cloudy atmosphereBrilliant “Morning Star” and “Evening Star”Thick Cloud Cover of Venus•Venus is similar to the Earth in its size, mass, average density, and surface gravity•It is covered by unbroken, highly reflective clouds that conceal its other features from Earth-based observers Cloudy VenusCrescent Venus The ring indicates atmospherePeculiar Rotation•Rotation is retrograde: rotation is opposite of the direction of orbital motion–Orbit motion around the Sun: counterclockwise–Venus’s rotation on its axis: clockwise–Planets and satellites have prograde rotation except Venus, Uranus and PlutoAtmosphere•Measured by Spacecraft and their landing probes •Composition: –Mostly carbon dioxide: 96.5%–Remaining is Nitrogen: 3.5%•Surface Temperature: 460°C in both dayside and night-side•Density–Very high, 90 atm at the surface•Both temperature and pressure decrease as altitude increasesAtmosphere•Dense greenhouse gas CO2 raises the surface temperature by more than 400°C•Venus has three layers of high-altitude clouds from 48 km to 68 km•Venus’s clouds consist of droplets of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4: highly corrosive).Venus’s Clouds•Sulfuric acid in the clouds come from the sulfurous gas injected into the atmosphere by volcano•Hot-spot volcanism: a hot region beneath the planet’s surface extrudes molten rock over a long period of time, e.g., the Havaiian volcanoes•Ongoing volcanic activity–Unexpected high level of sulfuric acid in 1978, and steadily declined over the next years–Clouds may be replenished by active volcanoesMount St. HelensEarth, 1980Venus’s Clouds•Relatively young lava flows are seen from volcanoes•The lack of craters on the surface suggests that the entire surface of Venus is no more than a few hundred million years old. Venusian Volcano by RadarClimate Evolution•Venus versus Earth: Similarities–Venus and Earth are similar in size, mass, density and surface gravity–The early atmospheres of both Venus and Earth were similar in content: water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and Sulfur dioxide (SO2) that have outgassed from volcanism•Venus versus Earth: Disparities (now)–The Earth has abundant water in its oceans and little carbon dioxide in its relatively thin atmosphere–The Venus is very dry and its thick atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxideClimate Evolution•On the Earth, H2O and CO2 are recycled•Water Vapor falls as rain, forming the oceans•CO2 dissolves in the water, falling into the ocean•CO2 and H2O are incorporated into sedimentary rocks•As a result, most CO2 is removed from the atmosphere, and locked into the Earth’s rocks.Climate Evolution•On the Venus, the atmosphere experienced a runaway greenhouse effect•In the early history, it may also have liquid ocean•But temperature is relatively higher, the atmosphere has relatively more water vapor•The greenhouse effect of the water vapor raised the temperature, and more liquid water evaporated•This further intensified the greenhouse effect, and raised the temperature even higher•This runaway process continued until oceans disappeared •Almost all of the water vapor was eventually lost by the action of ultraviolet radiation on the upper atmosphereClimate Evolution•Without ocean to dissolve in, the outgassed CO2 would accumulate in the Venus’s atmosphere•The Earth has roughly as much carbon dioxide as Venus, but it has been dissolved in the Earth’s oceans and chemically bound into its rocksSurface•The surface of Venus is surprisingly flat, with only a few major highlands and several large volcanoes•The surface of Venus shows no evidence of plate tectonics (or the motion of large crustal plates)–No long chain of volcanic mountainsInterior•No seismic data available to give a definite answer•The presence of volcanisms suggests a molten interior•Venus has no planet-wide magnetic field, possibly due to the fact that Venus rotates too slow•Venus has no plate tectonics, possibly due to that the crust is too hot and soft to move in rigid platesFinal Notes on Chap. 12•There are 6 sections in total, all