MASON ASTR 111 - Jupiter and Saturn’s Satellites of Fire and Ice

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Jupiter and Saturn’s Satellites of Fire and IceIntroduction To Modern Astronomy IGuiding QuestionsJupiter’s Galilean satellitesSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Io: Tidal HeatingEuropaA worldwide network of long cracks and ice rafts that indicate a subsurface layer of liquid water or soft iceSlide 16Slide 17GanymedeSlide 19CallistoInteriors of Galilean SatellitesSlide 22TitanJupiter’s small satellitesSaturn’s moonsFinal Notes on Chap. 15Jupiter and Saturn’s Satellitesof Fire and IceChapter FifteenIntroducing Astronomy (chap. 1-6)Introduction To Modern Astronomy IPlanets and Moons (chap. 7-17)ASTR 111 – 003 Fall 2006Lecture 12 Nov. 20, 2006Ch7: Comparative Planetology ICh8: Comparative Planetology IICh9: The Living EarthCh10: Our Barren MoonCh11: Sun-Scorched MercuryCh12: Cloud-covered VenusCh13: Red Planet MarsCh14: Jupiter and SaturnCh15: Satellites of Jup. & SaturnCh16: Outer WorldCh17: Vagabonds of Solar SystemGuiding Questions1. What is special about the orbits of Jupiter’s Galilean satellites?2. Are all the Galilean satellites made of rocky material, like the Earth’s moon?3. What could account for differences between the inner and outer Galilean satellites?4. Why does Io have active volcanoes? How does Io’s volcanic activity differ from that on Earth?5. How does Io act like an electric generator?6. What is the evidence that Europa has an ocean beneath its surface?7. What is unusual about the magnetic fields of Ganymede and Callisto?8. How is it possible for Saturn’s moon Titan to have an atmosphere?9. Why do some of Jupiter’s moons orbit in the “wrong” direction?10.What kinds of geologic activity are seen on Saturn’s medium-sized satellites?Jupiter’s Galilean satellites•The four Galilean satellites orbit Jupiter in the plane of its equator:•All are in synchronous rotation–Rotation period and orbital period are in a 1-to-1 ratio•The orbital periods of the three innermost Galilean satellites, are in the ratio 1:2:4–This pattern indicates gravitational interaction among the satellitesIoEuropaGanymedeCallisto•The two innermost Galilean satellites, Io and Europa, have roughly the same size and density as our Moon•They are composed principally of rocky material•The two outermost Galilean satellites, Ganymede and Callisto, are roughly the size of Mercury•Lower in density than either the Moon or Mercury, they are made of roughly equal parts of ice and rockJupiter’s Galilean satellitesJupiter’s Galilean satellitesJupiter’s Galilean satellitesTransits of Jupiter’s SatellitesOrigin of Galilean satellites•The Galilean satellites formed like a solar system in miniature–Similarity in density pattern: decease as moving outward•Jupiter is a “failed star”•Its internal temperature and pressure is not high enough to ignite nuclear reactionOrigin of Galilean satellites•Jovian nebula–In the inner part where is warmer, only dense and rocky grains were able to survice–In the outer part where is cooler, dust grains were able to retain icy coating of low density material such as water and ammoniaIo•Unlike the Moon, Io is geologically active•It has no impact craters•Io has numerous volcanoes; some are activeIo•Plumes are more like geysers: heated steam erupts explosively. •The plumes are probably sulfur dioxide (SO2)•Io’s dramatic coloration is due to sulfur and its compoundsIoIo: Tidal Heating•The energy to heat Io’s interior and produce the satellite’s volcanic activity comes from tidal forces that flex the satellite•Europe and Gallisto exert gravitational force on Io, and distort Io’s orbit into ellipse•Io’s long axis “nods” back and forth half degree•The tidal stress that Jupiter exerts on Io varies periodically•The varying tidal stresses alternatively squeeze and flex Io•This tidal flexing is aided by the 1:2:4 ratio of orbital periods among the inner three Galilean satellites•Tidal heating provides 2.5 Watts of power per square meter of Io’s surface•As comparison, the average heat flow through Earth is 0.06 Watts per square meter.Europa•While composed primarily of rock, Europa is covered with a smooth layer of water ice•The surface has hardly any craters, indicating a very young surface and geologically active history •Water is brought from interior to the surface, making a fresh, smooth layer of ice.•Europa is too small to have retained the internal heat it had when it first formed.•As for Io, tidal heating is responsible for Europa’s internal heat•A worldwide network of long cracks and ice rafts that indicate a subsurface layer of liquid water or soft iceEuropaEuropaComplex geologic activity: need enough energy to powerEuropaComplex geologic activity: need enough energy to powerGanymede•Ganymede has two kinds of terrain•Dark terrain–Heavily cratered–Older•Bright terrain–Less cratered–Younger•As comparison, moon has young but dark mare, and old but bright highland.•Bright terrain is heavily grooved•Bright terrain appeared to be flooded by a watery fluid that subsequently froze, along the long grooves.•Ganymede has liquid water a billion years ago Ganymede•Callisto has a heavily cratered crust of water ice•The surface shows little sign of geologic activity, because there was never any significant tidal heating of Callisto•However, some unknown processes have erased the smallest craters and blanketed the surface with a dark, dusty substanceCallistoInteriors of Galilean Satellites•Europe and Ganymede may have global liquid water ocean beneath the icy crustTitan•Titan is the largest satellite of Saturn•The featureless appearance indicates it has a thick atmosphere•Titan is the only satellite in the solar system with an appreciable atmosphere–Because it is cool enough and massive enoughTitan•Titan atmosphere is 90% nitrogen•The second most abundant gas is methane (CH4)•Methane, interaction with ultraviolet light from the Sun, produces a variety of other carbon-hydrogen compounds.•Titan surface may have liquid methane lakeJupiter’s small satellites•As of early 2004, Jupiter has a total of 63 known satellites•In addition to the Galilean satellites, Jupiter has four small inner satellites that lie inside Io’s orbit•Like the Galilean satellites, these orbit in the plane of Jupiter’s equator•The remaining satellites are small and move in much larger orbits that are


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MASON ASTR 111 - Jupiter and Saturn’s Satellites of Fire and Ice

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