Chem 1105 Exam 2 25 November 2008 75 pointsName_____________________________I. Multiple Choice (12 @ 3 points = 36 points)1. One of the first uses of the steam engine was to a. Power trainsb. **Pump water out of minesc. Weave clothd. Smelt irone. Heat homes2. Sea salt was used in all of these ways except toa. Preserve food and animal skinsb. Serve as starting material for making soda ashc. Season foodd. Serve as a starting material for bleache. **Serve as a starting material for organic dyes3. All of these aided the growth and development of the textile industry excepta. Advances in energy sources.b. Issuance of patents.c. **Financial incentives for starting textile cottage industries.d. Colonization which provided natural resources and markets.e. Improvements in transportation.14. The properties of the final pottery product depend on all of the following except a. Firing temperature.b. Presence or absence of glaze.c. Chemical composition of the clay components.d. Relative proportions of the clay components.e. **All of these contribute to defining pottery properties.5. The early steam engines had all of these components excepta. **A separate condenserb. Source of heatc. Expansion chamberd. Working fluide. Compression chamber6. All of these are true about potash excepta. Potash was originally made by burning wood.b. Potash is also called an alkali.c. Barilla was imported from Spain as a source of potash.d. **Potash was first synthesized using sea salt, vitriol, limestone and charcoal.e. Kelp was short-lived but important source of potash.27. The first organic dye successfully synthesized wasa. Indigob. Anilinec. **Mauved. Barillae. Quinine8. Pottery glaze was applied for all of these reasons except toa. Strengthen potteryb. Decorate productc. **Simplify the “throwing” or shaping of the productd. Make the pottery less porouse. Add color9. The efficiency of a steam engine is governed bya. The First Law of Thermodynamicsb. The Law of Conservation of Massc. The Laws of Gravityd. The Law of Electrostatic Forcese. **The Second Law of Thermodynamics310. According to the material in Clow, the Ninth Earl of Dundonald was involved in all of the following industries excepta. **Vitriolb. Sea saltc. Coal Tard. Soda Ashe. Soap11. Bleach removes stains and dirt by all of the following methods excepta. Oxidize stains by adding oxygen.b. Convert double bonds to single bonds.c. Break bonds in the stain to decompose stain molecules.d. **Convert stain to matching dye color of fabric.e. Dissolves readily in water to help bleaching action.12. The two most abundant elements in pottery clay area. Iron and aluminumb. **Silicon and oxygenc. Chlorine and sodiumd. Carbon and hydrogene. Hydrogen and oxygen4II. Short essays (Write in the Blue Exam Book)1. (20 points) Pick two of these to write about; clarity, factual material, specific examples and good writing will be rewarded.a. Describe, contrast and compare the three early steam engines we studied.The development and increasing utilization of the steam engine was one of the most important advances of the Industrial Revolution. We studied the Savery, Newcomen and Watt steam engines. All of these converted heat to work replacing human and animal effort and water power to run machines with steam power. Each had a 1) boiler to burn fuel and convert liquid to gaseous water which involved a very large expansion of the gas and a 2) condenser to liquefy the water vapour while undergoing a compressor. This expansion and compressor cycle was integrated with a mechanical device (e.g. arm) to pump water out of mines, turn a grain grinder, power a train, etc.The Savery engine had a series of valves which opened and closed to create a vacuum to move the mechanical device. Its power rating was about 1 hp but was susceptible to explosions. It was used to pump water out of mines and was replaced by the Newcomen engine. This engine, called the atmospheric engine, had a cylinder and piston design (i.e. it had a moving piston which responded to the expansion and compression of water). Its power rating was about 5 hp and increased the depth of the mines that could be pumped out. The innovation of the Watt engine is that it had a separate condenser which could be isolated from the main cylinder. This condenser was cooled so the entire cylinder could remain hot during the compression step. This saved 75% of the fuel costs; the Watt engine provided about 5-10 hp. Watt’s 25 year partnership with Boulton was a very lucrative one as Boulton had a manufactory at Soho House, capitol, skilled workers, an existing network of business associates and potential markets.5b. Describe, contrast and compare the three mechanisms for applying dye to fabric.The early materials used for fabric were natural products like cotton, flax and wool. The chemical in these materials is cellulose which is a carbohydrate with C-OH groups available for hydrogen bonding to the dye.If the dye also has C-OH groups, it formed strong H-bonds with cellulose (i.e. the dye bonded to the fabric). This is called direct dyeing. In some situations, a mordant or metal cation (Ca2+. Al3+, etc) was applied to celluloseto bond to the fabric as well as the dye. In vat dyeing, the dye cannot be applied using the previous two methods because it has no hydrophilic groups. Indigo is an example of a vat dye. Indigo is a deep purple dye extracted from a plant. The indigo molecule has two C = O groups which absorb light to go to an excited state and then emit visible purple light when it goes back to the ground state. The C = O group cannot hydrogen bond with the –OH groups on cellulose (fabric) so the indigo dye does not adhere to cellulose. When indigo is reduced, the C =O group are converted to C-OH groups which form H-bonds with cellulose, thus attaching to the fabric. The reduced leuco-indigo molecule is yellowish, but when the fabric dyed with it is exposed to air and light, the leuco-indigo is oxidized to purple indigo. c. Describe the modern chemical industry and compare it to the chemicalindustry developed during the Industrial Revolution.During the Industrial Revolution, the chemical industry referred to the production of chemical products from raw materials. The first chemicals were extracted from raw materials: - potash from burning wood and later kelp- soda ash from the same sources and later via a synthesis from salt, vitriol, limestone and carbon6- chlorine from sea salt for