Slide 1SoapChemical ReactionHow do soaps function?Soap in the Industrial RevolutionSoap IndustrySlide 7AlcoholAlcoholFrom Grain to Alcohol Chemical ReactionCombustion of Sugar Chemical ReactionA ComparisonIdeal Liquid SolutionBenzene and Toluene Form an Ideal SolutionSlide 15Why 95% ABV?Water-Ethanol Phase DiagramSoapSoap•Known to exist in 2800 BC•Mt. Sapo: animal fats + wood ashes or kelp, + clay + heat  good cleaning mixture = soap + glycerine•This is the saponification reaction.•Plant or animal fat + alkali + heat  K or Na salts of fatty acids.•Clow p 116-117Chemical Reaction•http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/blsapon.htmHow do soaps function?•Soaps are–K or Na salts of fatty acids–Soluble in water.–Surfactants or surface active agents which lower the surface tension of water; “wets” water.–Negatively charged.–Basic; can react with acid stains, dirt.–Fatty acid tail (long carbon backbone with H atoms) is attracted to oils and fats.–Acid end is attracted to waterSoap in the Industrial Revolution•Soap production remained a domestic activity until the end of the 18th c. I.e. the industry developed slowly.–Not a component of a natural resource.–Product of chemical reaction which had to be analyzed, tested and reproduced.–Great variety of starting materials were a source of confusion (Dundonald again, p. 118; record his contributions to various chemical industries).Soap Industry•Once the science ( chemical reaction, required reactants, desired products, conditions) was understood, the soap industry grew (Clow p 119) from 1830 (Clow graph p. 124).•Clow p. 120 diagram•Chemistry rules (Clow p 125, 126, 127)The Fermentation IndustryAn Introduction: Distillation and BrewingAlcohol•Alcohol describes a broad class of organic compounds that contain the –OH functional group, know as the hydroxyl group.•The smallest alcohol is methyl alcohol or methanol–From the alkane methane = CH4–Also called wood alcohol since it is the major product of the fermentation of wood– CH3OH–Poisonous when ingestedAlcohol•The next smallest is ethyl alcohol of ethanol– From the alkane ethane C2H6–also called grain alcohol since it is produced when grain ferments–C2H5OH –Is the alcohol present in alcoholic drinks•There are many other alcohols: propanol, butanol, etcFrom Grain to AlcoholChemical Reaction•(C6H10O5)n + nH2O  (C6H12O6)nStarch from cellulose (plant matter) is converted to glucose via hydrolysis or addition of water. Methods include the action of enzymes (major commercial method) and reaction with acid (historic method)•C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2Glucose or sugar decomposes to ethanol and carbon dioxide in the presence of yeast and absence of oxygen (anaerobic oxidation). This is called fermentation.Combustion of SugarChemical Reaction•In the presence of oxygen, sucrose burns to give water and carbon dioxide.C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2A ComparisonBeer Wine SpiritsHistorical Reference 7000 BC 6000 BC 3000 BCWater Water Water WaterFermentable Material (e.g.)Starch: Malted barleySugar: Grapes, other fruitsDistilled fermented grapes, grain, etcBrewer’s Yeast Yeast DistillationFlavorings Hops Other grapes Orange, hazelnutUsual ABV (alcohol by volume)4-6% AVB 10-14% ABV 30-95%Other pH = 2.9-3.9 tartaric, malic, citricIdeal Liquid Solution•Phase diagram for “ideal” 2-component liquid system.–http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/phaseeqia/idealpd.html#top–Fractional distillation can lead to 100% purification.–http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/phaseeqia/idealfract.html#top–Wikipedia on Benzene-Toluene Phase DiagramBenzene and Toluene Form an Ideal Solution•Benzene boils at 80.1 oC and toluene at 110.6 oC.•The B-B IMF are nearly the same as the T-T IMF and also the B-T IMF; these are the conditions for an ideal solution.•Benzene and Toluene can be separated completely by fractional distillation – note different BPs. Which boils first?Benzene and Toluene Phase Diagram and Separating two ComponentsWhy 95% ABV?•Phase diagram for water and alcohol (non ideal).–Water boils at 100 oC and ethanol at 78.4 oC.–Water and ethanol form a low boiling azeotrope at 78.1 oC and 95.6% ethanol and 4.4% water.–Limit to separation by fractional distillationWater-Ethanol Phase