Exam # 1 Study GuideDefinition of politicsHow do governments derive authority?Why is legitimacy important?Popular sovereigntyDirect vs. representative democracyDebate regarding representation: should members of Congress do what their constituents want or whatthey think is best for their constituents?Why is competition for office crucial?Why did founders avoid the word “democracy?”Do most Americans have a lot of interest in and knowledge about politics?ConstitutionCodified and uncodified constitutionWhat is often contained in constitutions?Declaration of independence, influence on American thought Articles of Confederation, weaknesses Federalists and Anti-Federalists, differences and what were the main dispute? Which of the two, Federalist and Anti-Federalists, advocated a strong national government, and which aweak national government with strong state governments?Virginia, New Jersey plans—main difference Great CompromiseRatification of Constitution, how was this achieved? Madison’s view on advantages of a large republic Key principles of Constitution: separation of power, federalism, mixed government Changing constitution: formal and informal—legislative, executive, and judicial interpretationIs constitution easy or difficult to amend?Has the power of the presidency increased?FederalismComparison of political systems: unitary, confederation, federalismDual sovereigntyPower of the national government (implied, enumerated powers) The Elastic Clause The Supremacy Clause Eras of federalismDifferent kinds of grants: which gives federal government more power?McCulloch v. Maryland Gibbons v. OgdenDoctrine of nullificationState obligations Influence of Civil War and proceeding AmendmentsFDR and the switch in time that saved nineDred Scott case Plessy v. Ferguson POLS 1101 1st EditionDrinking age—how did national government dictate state laws?Has the power of the national government increased?Civil LibertiesDefinition of civil libertiesWhy not absolute?Freedom of expression: unprotected speech (when can it be restricted?); defining obscene; group rights(Citizen United case); libel and slander 14th Amendment and states; Bill of Rights and states (how have rights been applied?) Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)Freedom of religion: Establishment and Free Exercise clauses Free press; prior restraintFreedom to assemble and restrictionsCriminal procedure—why such substantial protections and recent developments2nd Amendment: is this an individual right?Total vs. selective incorporationBarron v. Baltimore (1833)Right to privacy, expansion; is this right explicit or implied?Civil rightsDefinition of civil rightsWhat is strict scrutiny?African Americans:De jure segregation De facto segregationBlack codesJim Crow lawsPlessy v. Feguson; separate but equalBrown v. Board of EducationCivil Rights legislation in 1960sAffirmative action: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke; Grutter v. BollingerWomen: first and second waves; 19th Amendment; legislation in 1950, 60s and