POLS 1101 1st EditionLecture 2 Outline of Last LectureDefining Democracy in the U.S. Outline of Current LectureI. Articles of Confederation II. Federalists & Anti-FederalistsIII. Constitutional ConventionIV. The Connecticut CompriseV. Madison's View of FactionsVI. The Bill of RightsVII. Changing the Constitution VIII. FederalismIX. Checks and BalancesCurrent LectureDevelopment of U.S. Political Institutions - Constitution: legal document that specifies how a nation will govern itself-Organization-Representation-Rights- Not all nations have a well defined, or codified, constitutionAntecedents: The Declaration of Independence - Natural rights: life, liberty,…- People have a right, sometimes obligation, to overthrow government - No legal binding forceArticles of confederation- Served as first constitution of U.S.- National government with a unicameral legislature- Limited powers- No ability to raise taxes or regulate commerce and trade- No enforcement over statesFederalists & Anti-Federalist- Federalists wanted change-Wealthy, relied on trade-Strong national government to regulate trade- Anti-Federalists-Small farmers did not depend on commerce for a living-Skeptical of strong national government Constitutional Convention- Members were largely federalists- Most of the population: anti-federalist- Original purpose: amend Articles of Confederation to handle interstate conflictCompeting Visions- Virginia v. New Jersey Plan-Population of each state counted equal?The Connecticut comprise - The great comprise-Two houses: first based on population and elected: other with two members per state-Electoral college to select the president-Supreme court nominated by president, confirmed by the senate.- Main issue not resolved: slaveryMadison View of FactionsFactions: a group of people trying to control the government themselves - Madison: extended republics less likely to result in “tyrannical” majorities.-More heterogeneity-Larger republic protects libertiesThe Bill of RightsWhy no Bill of Rights initially?- Most states had a bill of rights- Limited and specific powers makes bill of rights unnecessary Changing the constitution- Constitutional change is inevitable- Formal amendments:-Proposing amendment: 2/3 vote in Congress, convention requested by 2/3 of states-Ratification: approval by 3/4 of states – by convention or legislature- Since 1791, only 17 amendments, only 15 changes- Custom and usage:-Practices and institutions changeKey principles- Representative Government-Deliberation more likely-More interests included -Representatives as trustees- Fragmentation and separation of power:-Dispersal of power makes tyranny less likely.- Federalism:-Division of power between national government and states- Mixed government: -Different pieces of the government represent different interests- Grants and denials of power: -Federal government given limited and specific powersChecks and Balances- Judicial branch-Lawsuits regarding the constitution federal laws and treaties-1803: judicial review.-Authority to review constitutionality of government actions- Legislative Branch-Lawmaking authority - Makes Laws-Bicameral - Split power--We have House and Senate, which have equal power-Senate is reelected every 6 years; House every 2 years-Institution is designed to move very slowly.-Impeachment – Charge someone--2 Presidents was charge Bill Clinton and Andrew Johnson. They weren’t removed from office but they did go to trail.- Executive Branch-Executes laws -Veto -Selection of