11/13/20091David Notkin Autumn 2009 CSE303 Lecture 20Multi-file (larger) programsFriday: social implicationsMotivation• Single-file programs do not work well when code gets large– compilation can be slow– hard to collaborate between multiple programmers– more cumbersome to edit• So, larger programs are split into multiple files– each file represents a partial program or module– modules can be compiled separately or together– a module can be shared between multiple programsCSE303 Au09 2Partial programs• A .c file can contain a partial program:#include <stdio.h>void f1(void) { // part1.cprintf("this is f1\n");}• Such a file cannot be compiled into an executable by itself:$ gcc part1.c/usr/lib/gcc/crt1.o: In function `_start':(.text+0x18): undefined reference to `main'collect2: ld returned 1 exit statusCSE303 Au09 3But part2.c wants to use part1.c‘s code?#include <stdio.h>void f2(void); // part2.cint main(void) {f1(); // not defined!f2();}void f2(void) {printf("this is f2\n");}• The program will not compile– $ gcc -o combined part2.c– In function `main':– part2.c:6: undefined reference to `f1'CSE303 Au09 4Including .c files (bad)• One solution: #include part1.c in part2.c#include <stdio.h>#include "part1.c" // note "" not <>void f2(void);int main(void) {f1(); // defined in part1.cf2();}void f2(void) {printf("this is f2\n");}• The program will compile successfully:$ gcc -g -Wall -o combined part2.cCSE303 Au09 5Multi-file compilation#include <stdio.h>void f2(void); // part2.cint main(void) {f1(); // not defined?f2();}void f2(void) {printf("this is f2\n");}• gcc accepts multiple source files to combine$ gcc -g -Wall -o combined part1.c part2.c$ ./combinedthis is f1this is f2CSE303 Au09 611/13/20092Object (.o) files• A partial program can be compiled into an object (.o) file with -c $ gcc -g -Wall -c part1.c$ lspart1.c part1.o part2.c• A .o file is a binary blob of compiled C code that cannot be directly executed, but can be directly inserted into a larger executable later• You can compile a mixture of .c and .o files$ gcc -g -Wall -o combined part1.o part2.• Avoids recompilation of unchanged partial program filesCSE303 Au09 7The compilation process• Each step's output can be dumped to a file, depending on arguments passed to gccCSE303 Au09 8Problem• With the previous code, we can't safely create part2.o$ gcc -g -Wall -c part2.cpart2.c: In function `main':part2.c:6: warning: implicit declaration of function `f1‘• The compiler is complaining because f1 does not exist.– But it will exist once part1.c/o is added in later• We'd like a way to be able to declare to the compiler that certain things will be defined later in the compilation process...CSE303 Au09 9Header files• Header : A file whose only purpose is to be included– By convention a filename with the .h extension– Holds shared variables, types, and function declarations• Key ideas:– every name.c intended to be a module has a name.h– name.h declares all global functions/data of the module– other .c files that want to use the module will #include name.h• Some conventions:– .c files never contain global function prototypes– .h files never contain definitions (only declarations)– never #include a .c file (only .h files)– any file with a .h file should be able to be built into a .o fileCSE303 Au09 10Multiple inclusion• If multiple modules include the same header, the variables/functions in it will be declared twice• Solution : use preprocessor to introduce conditional compilation– convention: #ifndef/#define with a variable named like the .h file– first time file is included, the variable won't be defined– on inclusions by other modules, will be defined and thus not included again#ifndef _FOO_H#define _FOO_H... // contents of foo.h#endifCSE303 Au09 11Global visibility// example.cint passcode = 12345;// example2.cint main(void) {printf("Password is %d\n", passcode);return 0;}• By default, global variables and functions defined in one module can be seen and used by other modules it is compiled with– problem : gcc compiles each file individually before linking them– if example2.c is compiled separately into a .o file, its reference to passcode will fail as being undeclaredCSE303 Au09 1211/13/20093extern// example2.cextern int passcode;...printf("Password is %d\n", passcode);• extern used on variables and functions– does not actually define a variable/function or allocate space for it – but promises the compiler that some other module will define it– allows your module to compile even with an undeclared variable/function reference, so long as eventually its .oobject is linked to some other module that declares that variable/function• if example.c and example2.c are linked together, the above will workCSE303 Au09 13static// example.cint passcode = 12345; // publicstatic int admin_passcode = 67890; // private• static used on global variables and functions– visible only to the current file/module (sort of like Java's private)– declare things static if you do not want them exposed– avoids potential conflicts with multiple modules that happen to declare global variables with the same names– passcode will be visible through the rest of example.c, but not to any other modules/files compiled with example.cCSE303 Au09 14Function static data• When used inside a functionstatic type name = value;… declares a static local variable that will be remembered across callsint nextSquare() {static int n = 0;static int increment = 1;n += increment;increment += 2;return n;}• nextSquare() returns 1, then 4, then 9, then 16, ...CSE303 Au09 15Risks• File share leaks data on US Congress members under investigation• Jeremy Epstein <[email protected]> Fri, 30 Oct 2009 13:54:08 -0400 The Washington Post's Oct 30 lead article notes that "more than 30 lawmakers and several aides" are under investigation for various possible misdeeds associated with "defense lobbying and corporate influence peddling". What's technology relevant is that the information leaked because a report was (presumably accidentally) placed on an unprotected computer (not clear whether it was a web site, a file share, or something else). No word on whether the problem was a misconfiguration (i.e., mis-set file permissions, whether accidentally or
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