Exam # 1 Study GuideChapter 11. List the 7 characteristics that all living things must have.-Living things must maintain homeostasis.-Living things must react to their external environment.-Populations evolve.-Living things have a different molecular composition than non-living things.-Living things take in, transform, and exert energy. (Metabolism)-Living things are composed of cells.-Living things grow and reproduce2. If something has some of the characteristics of living things, but not all, is it still a living thing?Although these characteristics are necessary to describe life fully, not all of them apply to every living thing all the time. Individual organisms do not evolve, nor do they necessarily reproduce or always respond to their surroundings. However, populations of similar organisms have the capacity to perform these functions. 3. Name the 3 domains into which living things are divided.Bacteria, Achaea, Eukaryote4. To which domain do humans belong? Why? What is the genus and species name of humans?Domain: Eukarya; we are composed of cells that have nucleiGenus/Species: Homo sapiens5. What are the typical defining characteristics of humans? What makes humans unique from other living things?Opposable thumb, bipedalism, large brain relative to body size, capacity for complex language6. List the steps of the Scientific Method, in the correct order.1. Observe and generalize.2. Make a hypothesis. 3. Experiment or observe.4. Modify hypothesis as necessary and repeat. 7. A scientist tells you, “I have just proven my hypothesis!” What is wrong with this statement?You are to constantly question results with uncertainty and skepticism. There are always infinite possibilities. 8. If you are performing a scientific experiment and your data does not support your hypothesis, what wouldyou do next, according to the Scientific Method?Modify your hypothesis to fit the new findings and repeat the experiment again. 9. Define the following terms: hypothesis, control, and scientific theoryhypothesis: tentative statement about the natural world; can lead to testable deductionscontrol: the group in an experiment that goes untouched; used to evaluate all possible factors that might influence the experiment BIOL 1140 1st Editionscientific theory: broad hypothesis that has been extensively tested and supported over time and that explainsa broad range of scientific facts with a high degree of reliability Chapter 21. Be able to define and use these terms: element, atom, molecule, ion, and isotopeelement: fundamental (pure) form of matter that cannot be broken down to a simpler form atom: smallest unit of any element that still retains the physical and chemical properties of that elementmolecule: particle containing two or more atoms joined together by chemical bondsion: an atom or molecule with a positive or negative chargeisotope: different atomic forms of the same element, varying only in the number of neutrons they contain- Heavier forms tend to be radioactive2. What are the 3 parts of an atom? Neutrons (neutral charge), electron (negative charge), protons (positive charge) 3. Where are each of the subatomic particles located in an atom?Nucleus (protons, neutrons) Shells/orbits (electrons) 4. What information is given by the atomic number of an atom? Number of protons in an atom5. Can you reliably determine the number of electrons or neutrons if you know an atom’s atomic number?You can reliably tell the number of electrons accurately, however, not neutrons. The atomic number will still always remain the same. 6. How is the atomic mass of an atom determined?Total number of protons and neutrons7. What differs between atoms of the same element if they are isotopes?More or less neutrons8. What differs between atoms of the same element if they are ions?More or less electrons9. How many electrons can fit into the first shell of an atom (maximum?) The second shell? The third shell?1st—2, 2nd—8, 3rd—8 10. If an atom has 7 electrons, how many electrons are in the second shell?511. Magnesium is atomic number 12. How many electrons would be found in each of its electron shells? 1st—2, 2nd—8, 3rd—212. One atom has 10 electrons and another has 15 electrons. Which one is more stable/nonreactive, and WHY?The atom with 10 electrons is more stable; all its shells are full so it is not likely to react to other molecules.13. What is shared between two atoms in a covalent bond?Electrons14. Why do atoms form covalent bonds?They like to fill their electron shells and be stable. 15. How do you know if a covalent bond between two atoms is polar or nonpolar?Polar molecules typically contain nitrogen or oxygen. 16. Consider the following molecules: NH3, CH4, C6H12O6, H2O. Which of these molecules would have polar covalent bonds, and therefore be polar molecules? Which 2 atoms should you look for to help answer this question?Polar: NH3, C6, H12, 06, and H20 Non-Polar: CH417. How does an ionic bond form between two atoms?When two oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other. 18. How does a hydrogen bond form?From the weak attractive force between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules that contain covalently bonded hydrogen19. Both ionic and hydrogen bonds involve attraction between opposite charges. So, what is the difference between an ionic and hydrogen bond?Ionic bonds are charged molecules (ions) attracted to one another, and hydrogen bonds are the attraction between charged regions of different polar molecules20. In water molecules, what type of bond holds the O and H together within a single molecule? What type of bond holds an O and H together between two different water molecules?Single Molecule: CovalentTwo Different Molecules: Hydrogen21. Which type of chemical bond (covalent, ionic, hydrogen) is the strongest type? Which is weakest?Weakest: HydrogenStrongest: Covalent22. Which type of bond is usually drawn as a dotted line? Which one is shown as a solid line?Dotted: HydrogenSolid: Covalent23. Be able to define and use these terms: hydrophilic, hydrophobic, solventhydrophilic: polar molecules or ions that are attracted to water and interact easily with it (“water-loving”)hydrophobic: non-polar, neutral molecules that do not interact with water and generally will not dissolve in itsolvent: liquid in which other substances dissolve24. List 5 important properties of water.-Water is a biological solvent.-Water is liquid at body temp.-Water can absorb and hold heat