DETAILED LECTURE OUTLINE Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 7th edition 2006 by Frederic H Martini Prepared by Professor Albia Dugger Miami Dade College Miami Florida Please note References to textbook headings figures and tables appear in italics 100 Keys are designated by an asterisk Important vocabulary terms are underlined Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology I An Introduction to Studying the Human Body p 4 The Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology will familiarize you with the structures and functions of the human body and the special vocabulary used by health professionals to discuss problems of health and disease Understanding the principles of anatomy and physiology will also help you make important health decisions for yourself and your family Most terms used in anatomy and physiology stem from Greek words because the Greeks were among the first to study this subject 1500 years ago Learning the roots of these words will help you understand many scientific terms without having to look them up Anatomy describes the structures of the body their scientific names composition location and associated structures Anatomy a cutting open is a plan or map of the body Physiology studies the function of each structure individually and in combination with other structures ology the study of The Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology p 4 All physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures These functions follow the same physical and mechanical principles you see in the world around you For example an anatomist would look at the structure of a car and describe all of its parts their measurements what materials they are made of and how they are put together to make the whole car But the physiologist would look at the car s function how it moves turns stops and starts and study the way the car performs what forces are involved how it gets it energy how fast it can go and how much it can carry Anatomy and physiology always work together As we examine each part of the body always consider both its structure and its function Anatomy p 5 The study of anatomy is divided into 2 major fields 1 Gross anatomy is the study of large visible structures 2 Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that are too small to see such as cells and molecules Gross anatomy also called macroscopic anatomy is separated into 5 major divisions 1 Surface anatomy describes surface forms and marks 2 Regional anatomy describes the organization of specific areas of the body such as the head or hand 3 Systemic anatomy describes groups of organs that function together for a single purpose 4 Developmental anatomy describes the structural changes in an organism from fertilized egg to maturity Embryology is the anatomical study of early development 5 Clinical anatomy describes various medical specialties including medical anatomy changes that occur during illness and radiographic anatomy structures that appear in scans and x rays Microscopic anatomy is divided into two major divisions 1 Cytology the study of cells and their structures 2 Histology the study of tissues and their structures Physiology p 5 Physiology has many specialties The 4 basic divisions are 1 Cell physiology including chemical and molecular processes within and between cells 2 Special physiology the study of specific organs such as the heart 3 Systemic physiology the cooperative functions of all the organs in an organ system 4 Pathological physiology the effects of diseases on organs and organ systems How do anatomy and physiology work together When a patient visits his physician the doctor examines his gross anatomy his microscopic anatomy blood tests and observes the way he functions his physiology These observations are part of the scientific method the basis of all science II Levels of Organization p 6 Our bodies are organized at many different levels The levels of organization of living things from smallest to largest are 1 Atoms the smallest functional units of matter 2 Molecules active chemicals 3 Organelles specialized structures within a cell 4 Cells the smallest living units 5 Tissues a group of similar cells that work together 6 Organs two or more tissue types working together 7 Organ systems two or more organs working together 8 Organism a single individual including all of the above Figure 1 1 Each organizational level depends on all the levels below it For example 1 Specific atoms join together to form protein molecules 2 Specific protein molecules come together to form contraction filament organelles 3 Contraction filaments join with other organelles to form a muscle cell 4 Many muscle cells group together to form a muscle tissue 5 Muscle tissues join with other tissues to become a muscle a functional organ such as the heart 6 The heart works with other organs such as the lungs to supply oxygen to the body forming an organ system 7 All organ systems together make up a single organism such as a human being Any change that occurs at one level such as a disease at the cellular level or an injury at the organ or tissue level affects the whole body at all levels The human body is divided into 11 interdependent interconnected organ systems All organ systems work together and many organs function in more than 1 organ system Figure 1 2 These are the 11 organ systems of the human body Figure 1 2 shows 12 systems because the reproductive system is divided into male and female systems Sexual differences in the reproductive system also affect our hormones which are part of the endocrine system III Homeostasis p 11 The foundation of all physiology is homeostasis staying the same When the body does not function within its normal range organ systems malfunction resulting in disease As the environment around or within us changes physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment the condition of homeostasis Systems monitor and adjust the volume and composition of body fluids and keep body temperature within normal limits Two general mechanisms regulate homeostasis 1 Autoregulation or intrinsic regulation an automatic response by a cell tissue organ or organ system to a change in its environment 2 Extrinsic regulation changes regulated by the nervous system or endocrine system a The nervous system responds to external stimuli e g a hot stove with short term nerve responses b The endocrine system responds to internal conditions with long term chemical controls hormones A