1To Do TodaySnacks for next week? (allergies?)Cookies & brownies?Reading questionsGuided writingWorking with sourcesUsing quotations effectivelyReading Questions: Essay 2 PrepCan you identify common questions from nonscientists that the articles were trying to answer?Can you identify any specific misconceptions that they might be trying to head off?2Guided Writing: Think about your audience “One common variety of black hole--the type that high-mass stars evolve into--contains several times the mass of the sun compacted deep within an event horizon that is only about a dozen miles across. In a fall toward such a black hole, you would begin to break apart within about 100 miles of the center. Other common black holes are up to billions of times the mass of the sun and are contained within event horizons that are nearly as wide as the entire solar system. One might find this type lurking in the center of some galaxies. While gravity in such a huge black hole is strong, the difference in gravity from your head to your toes near their event horizons is relatively small. In such cases, the tidal force would be so weak that you might even fall through the event horizon in one piece--you just wouldn't ever be able to come back out and tell anybody about your trip.” – Neil de Grasse Tyson, “Death By Black Hole” Write a sentence about the two different types of black holes: First for an audience of 4thgraders Then for an audience of adult newspaper readers Then for an audience of professional astronomersThinking about your audienceWhat are the differences?An audience of 4thgradersAn audience of adult newspaper readersAn audience of professional astronomersWhat characteristics of your writing do you change for different audiences?3Working with sourcesIntroduce the quote with a signal phrase: “As Neil de Grasse Tyson notes . . .”Do not plop an entire sentence in the middle of your text:You you you. “Quote quote quote.” You you.Using quotationsFrom “Who knows the dark secret of black holes?”: "Undoubtedly, the most spectacular aspect of our long-term study is that it has delivered what is now considered to be the best empirical evidence that supermassive black holes do really exist," extolledReinhard Genzel of the Max-Planck-Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching, near Munich. Let’s make a list of signal phrases/verbs to use for incorporating quotations.4Signal verbs/phrasesJane Doe explains . . . illustrates, demonstrates, points out . . . This is what John Doe calls . . . Jane Doe responds to this argument by . . . Group WorkMeghan, John, DanSam, DJEli, DipeshColleen, RashikJonathon, JustinYan, FaheemEthan, RyanNicki, Zun5Group workEach group is going to get a chunk from one of this week’s readings.Using the quotation I give you, share with the class THREE unique, stylish ways of incorporating some of that information into a sentence of your own devising.Remember that Essay 2 is going to be written as a newspaper article!1. Tyson, “Death by Black Hole” If you were to fall freely feet-first into a black hole--do not try this at home--then the force of gravity would grow astronomically as you neared its center. Curiously, the black hole's enormous gravity itself is not what will kill you--you are always weightless when in free fall. Instead, you would be pulled apart as a result of the difference between the force of gravity at your feet and at your head. This differential, known officially as the tidal force, tries to accelerate your feet toward the black hole faster than your head. If humans were made of rubber, then you would just stretch. But we are made of bones and muscles and organs. Your body would stay whole only until the tidal force exceeded the strength of the chemical bonds of your flesh. The moment this happened, your body would systematically snap into countless tiny segments.62. Tyson, “Hollywood Nights” At the end of the 1979 Disney film The Black Hole, which has a place on many people's ten-worst-movies list (including mine), an H. G. Wellsianspaceship loses control of its engines and plunges into a black hole. What more could special-effects artists ask for? . . . Was there any attempt to portray the extreme time dilation near the black hole's event horizon, with the universe around the doomed crew evolving rapidly over billions of years while the crew members themselves aged only a few ticks of a clock? No. Were the craft and its crew ripped apart by the ever-increasing tidal forces of gravity as they approached the singularity--something a real black hole would do to them? No. One scene did show a swirling disk-shaped nebula surrounding the black hole. Good. Black holes do this sort of thing with gas that falls toward them. But did elongated jets of matter and energy spew forth from each side of the disk? No. Lastly, did the ship travel through the black hole and get spit out into another time? Into another part of the universe? Into another universe altogether? No, no, and no. Instead of working with these cinematically fertile and cutting-edge ideas, the filmmakers depicted the black hole's innards as a dark cave filled with fiery stalagmites and stalactites, as though we were touring the hot and smoky basement of Carlsbad Caverns.3. Connor, “Dark Secrets” This, of course, highlights another aspect of black holes. They are very heavy - or massive, to use the more appropriate term. They are thought to result from the collapse of stars at the end of their nuclear-powered life, resulting in an object so small and dense that the escape velocity necessary for anything to leave its gravitational pull is greater than the speed of light - which is why nothing can escape, because nothing can travel faster than light. We can thank the American theoretical physicist John Wheeler, who died earlier this year, for coming up with the term black hole. Until then, the notion of light being trapped by a super-dense object was generally described as a 'frozen star'. Wheeler's black holes have a far more sinister ring to them. . . . The other great aspect of black holes, of course, is that spooky things happen if you ever come too close to them. The theorists tell us that timeslows down as you fall into the 'singularity' of a black hole, and you can actually travel through time if two black holes merge toform a