PSY 231 1st EditionExam # 1 Study GuideChapter 1 Vocab Cards (print/fold)Intuition:Relying on common sense as ameans of knowing about the worldDeduction: Using local reasoning and currentknowledge as a means of knowing about the worldAuthority:Relying on a knowledgeable person orgroup as a means of knowing about the worldObservation: Relying on what one observes as a means ofknowing about the worldEmpiricism: Gaining knowledge through systematic observations of theworldDeterminism: The assumption that phenomena have identifiable causesParsimony: The assumption that the simplest explanation of a phenomenonis most likely to be correctTestability: The assumption that explanations of behavior canbe tested and falsified through observationConfirmation Bias: Seeking only evidence that supports our beliefsand ignoring evidence that contradicts those beliefsBasic Research: Research conducted with the goal of understanding fundamentalprocesses of phenomenaApplied Research: Research conducted with the goal ofsolving everyday problemsExternal Validity: The degree to which the results of a study apply toindividuals and realistic behaviors outside the studyChapter 2 Vocab CardsDescriptive Research QuestionA research question that asks about the presenceof behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whetherthere is a relationship between different behaviors.Causal Research QuestionA research question that asks what causes specificbehaviors to occurTheoryAn explanation of behavior that can betested through research studiesLiterature ReviewA process of searching for and reviewing previous studiesrelated to a study being developed to add to the knowledge in anarea and make appropriate predictions about the data.Peer ReviewA process that takes place prior to publication of an articlein many journals where experts make suggestions for improvingan article and make a recommendation about whether an articleshould be published in the journal. AbstractA summary of an article that appears at the beginning ofthe article and in searchable data bases of journal articles. IntroductionA section of an APA style article that introduces the topicof the study, reviews relevant background studies, and presentspredictions for the data. MethodSection of an APA style article that describes the participants,design, stimuli, apparatus, and procedure used in the studyResultsPresents a summary of the results and the statistical testsof the predictionsDiscussionCompares the results of a study to the predictionsand the results of previous studiesHypothesisPrediction regarding the results of a research studyTheory-Driven HypothesisHypothesis for a study that is based on atheory about the behavior of interestData-Driven HypothesisHypothesis for a study that is based on theresults of previous, related studiesDeductive reasoningUsing general information to make a specificpredictionInductive ReasoningUsing specific information to make a more generalpredictionDescriptive HypothesisA prediction about the results of a study that describes thebehavior of the relationship between behaviorsCausal HypothesisA prediction about the results of a study thatincludes the causes of a behaviorChapter 3 VocabularyExternal ValidityThe degree to which the results of a study apply toindividuals and realistic behaviors outside the studyInternal ValidityThe degree to which a study provides causalinformation about behaviorReliabilityThe degree to which the results of a study can bereplicated under similar conditionsOperational DefinitionThe definition of an abstract concept used by a researcher tomeasure or manipulate the concept in a research studyNaturalistic ObservationA data collection technique involving noninvasiveobservation of individuals in their natural environmentInter-rater ReliabilityA measure of the degree to which differentobservers rate behaviors in similar waysSurvey ResearchA research study that uses the survey observationaltechnique to measure behaviorClose-ended Response ScaleParticipants respond to survey questions accordingto the response options provided by the researcherOpen-ended response scaleParticipants respond to survey questions in anymanner they feel is appropriate for the questionQualitative DataNon-numerical participant responsesQuantitative DataNumerical dataInterviewsA data collection technique that involves directquestioning of individuals about their behaviors andattitudesSystematic ObservationData collection technique where control is exerted overthe conditions under which the behavior is observedArchival DataA data collection technique thatinvolves analysis of preexisting dataContent AnalysisAn archival data collection technique that involves analysisof the content of an individual’s spoken or written recordVariableAn attribute that can vary across individualsDependent/Response VariableA variable that is measured orobserved from an individualCase StudyA research design that involves intensive study ofparticular individuals and their behaviorsSmall n DesignAn experiment conducted with one or a few participants tobetter understand the behavior of those individualsCorrelational StudyA type of research design that examines therelationships between multiple dependent variableswithout manipulating any of the variablesPredictor VariableThe dependent variable in a correlational study that isused to predict the score on another variableOutcome VariableThe dependent variable in a correlational studythat is used to predict the score on another variablePositive RelationshipA relationship between variablescharacterized by an increase in one variable thatoccurs with an increase in another variableNegative RelationshipA relationship between variables characterized by anincrease in one variable that occurs with a decrease in anothervariableScatterplotA graph showing the relationship between two dependentvariables for a group of individualsThird-Variable ProblemThe presence of extraneous factors in astudy that affects the dependent variable and candecrease the internal validity of the studyExperimentA type of research design that involvesmanipulation of an independent variable, allowingcontrol of extraneous variables that could affect theresultsIndependent VariableA variable in an experiment that ismanipulated by the researcher such that the levelsof the variable change across or within subjects inthe experimentLevels of the Independent VariableDifferent situations or conditions that participantsexperience in an